Small Farms
as a Planetary Ecological Asset: Five Key Reasons Why We should Support the
Revitalisation of Small Farms in the Global South
&
Linking
Ecologists and Traditional Farmers in the Search for Sustainable Agriculture
By
Miguel A
Altieri
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fyÆv, m~Zv Ges mqvweb Pvl Kiv nq hv e¨vcKfv‡e ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUbvkK Ges e¨vcK
cwigvY †m‡Pi Dci wbf©ikxj| GB Pvlvev‡`i d‡j Avgv‡`i wekvj cwigvY eb Ges Ab¨vb¨
cÖvK…wZK mewR cÖRvwZ aŸsm n‡q‡Q| GB kZ‡K G‡m Pvlvev` e¨e¯’vi GK cÖRvwZKiY
cwi‡e‡ki †_‡K D™¢~Z cÖavb cÖavb cÖwZ‡ekMZ ؇›Øi m~ÎcvZ, hv cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi (climate change) d‡j k‡m¨i
wU‡K _vKvi ¶gZv µgk ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| GK cÖRvwZK km¨ AímsL¨K e„nr Lvgv‡I PvlKiv
nq| K…l‡Ki Rb¨ GwU ¶wb‡Ki A_©‰bwZK jvf e‡q Avb‡jI `xN© †gqv‡` GK cÖRvwZK km¨
ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi AbyK‚j bq| ei AZ¨š— ¯^í cÖRvwZi Pvlvev` wek¦ Lv`¨ Drcv`b‡K eo
ai‡Yi wec‡`i KviY n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| Zvr¶wbKfv‡e GwU ¯’vbxq cÖRvwZi aŸs‡mi gva¨‡g
mvgvwRK Ges cwi‡e‡k †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡Q Ges `xN©‡gqv‡` GwU km¨ cÖRvwZ wejywßi
gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki Pig ¶wZ †hgb- ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi ¶wZ, `vwi`ª¨, ¶zav GgbwK `~wf©¶I e‡q
wb‡q Avm‡Q|
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h‡_vchy³ bq| †Z‡ji g~j¨e„w× Awbevh©fv‡e Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi LiPe„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Lv‡`¨i
g~j¨I e„w× Ki‡Q|
GKeQi
c~‡e© 1 Wjv‡i †h cwigvY Lv`¨ cvIqv †hZ; eZ©gvb mg‡q Zvi †P‡q 30 kZvsk Kg Lv`¨
cvIqv hvq| GB ai‡b wPÎ Rxevk¥- R¡vjvbx/ˆRe †Z‡ji (biofuels) †¶‡ÎI| cwi‡ek wech©q/ cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©‡bi
(climate change) d‡j GB Ae¯’v Aek¨ AviI RwUj| Liv, eb¨v Ges Ab¨vb¨ Awbw`©ó AcÖZ¨vwkZ
AvenvIqvi d‡j km¨ f~wgI n«vm cv‡”Q| ˆRe‡Zj Ges msKivwqZ k‡m¨i Rb¨ Avev`x Rwgi
cwigvb e„w× Kiv n‡”Q| GK cÖRvwZi Dw™¢‡`i e¨vcK Pvlvev‡`i †cÖw¶‡Z ev¯‘ms¯’vb‡K
AviI †ewk D‡ËwRZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI wkí
wbf©i K…wl cÖK…wZ‡Z wbm„Z MÖxb nvDm M¨v‡mi GK PZz_©vsk MÖxb nvDm M¨vmI wbM©gb
Ki‡Q| MÖxb nvDm M¨vm mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wkíwfwËK K…wl cÖavbZ wg‡_b Ges bvBUªvm A·vBW
wbM©gb Ki‡Q| eZ©gvb mg‡qi A_©‰bwZK c¨vivWvBg KZ…©K GB ai‡Yi AwacZ¨kxj e¨e¯’v
†ewkw`b MÖnY‡hvM¨ _vK‡Q bv|
Avgv‡`i
cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ eZ©gvb mgqKvi P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx †_‡K ‰ewk¦K Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vi
¯’vbvš—i NUv‡bvi gva¨‡g wkíwfwËK K…wl‡K ¯’vbvš—i Kiv| Avgv‡`i Ab¨ GKwU weKí
K…wl wbf©i Dbœqb c¨vivWvBg `iKvi| †h K…wl Avgv‡`i‡K ev¯‘Zvwš¿Kfv‡e †UKmB
Rxe‰ewP‡Îi Rb¨ mvgvwRKfv‡e DØ~× Ki‡e| †mŠfvM¨ekZ, eZ©gv‡b Ggb nvRv‡iv bZzb Ges
weKí D‡`¨vM mviv c„w_ex e¨vcx PP©v n‡”Q hv Avgv‡`i ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi AbyK‚j, ¶z`ª
K…lK‡K msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g RxweKvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i, Drcv`b cÖwµqv A‡bK †ewk
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z, wbivc` Ges mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨgq Lv`¨ Ges eȇbi ¯’vbxqKiY Ges e¨emv I
evRviRvZKi‡Yi †¶‡ÎI myweavRbK| ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi AbyK‚j †ewkifvM †UKmB KvVv‡gv
Avgv‡`i HwZn¨evnx K…wle¨e¯’vq we`¨gvb wQj| G ai‡Yi j¶vwaK D`vniY m¤cÖ`vq wfwËK
mdj ¯’vbxq K…wle¨e¯’vq we`¨gvb| GB ai‡Yi HwZn¨evnx K…wle¨e¯’vi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª
KvVv‡gv Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi Rb¨I djcÖmy n‡e hw` Zviv Rxe‰ewPΨ‡K msi¶Y Ki‡Z Pvq|
ivmvqwbK mvi Ges KxUbvkK e¨envi QvovB evrmwiK Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K †UKmB Kivi
gva¨‡g| GB ai‡Yi K…wl e¨e¯’v kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i c„w_exi Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi †hvMvb
w`‡q G‡m‡Q| ‡hLv‡b †jvKvqZ Áv‡bi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g c„w_exi wewfbœ As‡k ev¯‘Z‡š¿i
mgš^q I msi¶Y K‡i G‡m‡Q|
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K¨vg‡cwmbv (via campesina) `„p hyw³ †`Lvb †h, m¤cÖ`v‡qi Lv`¨ Pvwn`vq ¯^wbf©i nIqvi Rb¨ ¶z`ª K…lK
†K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb K‡i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| wZwb AviI wek¦vm K‡ib ‡h, RxweKv, PvKzwi,
gvby‡li Lv`¨ wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨; GKB mv‡_ cwi‡ek cÖf„wZi wbivcËvi Rb¨ †h Lv`¨
Drcv`b cÖ‡qvRb Zv ¶z`ª ch©v‡qi †UKmB K…lK‡`i nv‡Z wbwnZ| wekvj eo K…wlwfwËK
e¨emv Ges mycvi gv‡K©‡Ui wbqš¿‡Y GwU KL‡bvB m¤¢e bv| ißvwbwbf©i, Db¥y³ e¨emv
†Kw›`ªK, wkí K…wl KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g eo eo Lvgvi e¨e¯’v; hv- `vwi`ª‡K AviI Pi‡g
wb‡q hvq, gRywi Kwg‡q †`q, MÖvg-kni Awfevmb evwo‡q †`q, ¶zav Ges m‡e©vcwi
cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NUvq| ïaygvÎ GB ai‡Yi K…wl e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb
mg‡qi Lv`¨ msKU †gvKv‡ejv Kiv m¤¢e| MÖvgxb mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb mg~n Lv‡`¨i
¯^wbf©iZv ev mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv‡K Ges wbI wjev‡ij `„wófw½i ga¨Kvi mw¤§jb NUvq,
hv wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i †h, Avš—R©vwZK b¨vqm½Z e¨emv c„w_exi Lv`¨ msKU mgvavb Ki‡Z
m¶g| ïay ZvB bq, GwU f~wg, exR Ges cvwbi
Dci K…l‡Ki gvwjKvbvi Dci I ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i| GgbwK ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’v ¯’vbxq A_©bxwZ,
¯’vbxq evRvi, ¯’vbxq Drcv`b-†fvM Pµ, kw³/GbvwR© Ges cÖhyw³i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges K…lK
†bUIqv‡K©i DciI Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i|
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Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ f¨v K¨vg‡cwmbv (via
campsina) c„w_exi DËivsk gvby‡li Rb¨ evZv© e‡q wb‡q hvb| wewfbœ dvD‡Ûkb Ges †fv³v‡`i GB
Av‡›`vj‡b Ask MÖn‡Yi Rb¨; Zviv ivR‰bwZK Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g c„w_exi `w¶Yvs‡ki
GB Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K mv‡c©vU w`‡Z cv‡i| KviY GB mg¯— abxiv w`b w`b †mB mg¯— BDwbK
Lv‡`¨i Dci SuyK‡Q hv `w¶‡Yi evRviRvZ AM©wbK km¨| ˆRe †Z‡ji wbf©iZv e„wׇiva,
msKivwqZ km¨ Ges ißvwbf©i K…wl Ges wkí wfwËK K…wl e¨e¯’vi PP©v †iva Ki‡Z
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY GwU `w¶‡Yi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª K…lK‡`i ¶wZ K‡i| wKš‘,
GB ai‡Yi hyw³ wK Dˇii †fv³v Ges gy³ b„weÁvbx‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q?
bvwK Ab¨ †Kvb †Rviv‡jv hyw³i cÖ‡qvRb? Avgv‡`i ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb †h, Dˇii
RbM‡Yi fvj Rxeb gvb Ges Lv`¨ wbivcËv ïay bq; eis Zv‡`i ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi myweav I
`w¶‡Yi ¶z`ª K…l‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Avmj mZ¨ GB †h, Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv Ges `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi
¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †h ai‡Yi Kvh©vejx msNwUZ nq Zv †Zj wbf©i K…wle¨e¯’v DËi
gvbweK RM‡Z c`vc©Y K‡i‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv gvby‡li g½j Ges Dw™¢`ivwRi wU‡K _vKvi
mv‡c‡¶ ev¯‘Zvwš¿K m¤ú`‡K mg„× Ki‡Q| AviI mZ¨ †h, ‡Zj Ges Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i g~j¨e„w×,
AvenvIqvMZ cwieZ©b, cwie‡ki wech©q, GMO
Pollution Ges AvwacZ¨kxj K‡c©v‡iU Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z `w¶Yvs‡ki
e¨e¯’vcbvi ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’v, Rxe‰ewPΨ ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi AbyK‚j K…wl e¨e¯’vB GKgvÎ
K…wl e¨e¯’v hv cwiewZ©Z bZzb ev¯‘Zš¿ Ges A_©‰bwZK wP‡Îi †cÖ¶vc‡U mviv wek¦‡K
Lv`¨ †hvMvb w`‡Z cy‡ivcywi m¶g|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
‡Kb
Avgv‡`i ¶z`ª Lvgvi‡K mg_©b Rvbv‡bv DwPZ?
hLb `w¶bvs‡ki ¶z`ª K…lKiv Zv‡`i msnwZ wb‡q cÖwZwbqZ
msMÖv‡g K‡i hv‡”Q ZLb ¶z`ª Lvgvi †K c~YtRxeb`vb I e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ b~b¨Zg cuvPwU
Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i mg_©b Kiv DwPZ|
(K) Small farmers are the key to the world’s food security (we‡k¦i
Lv`¨ wbicËv AR©‡b ¶z`ª K…lKiv g~j wbqvgK):
‡hLv‡b 11
kZvsk c„w_exi 1.5 wewjqb †n±i Avev`‡hvM¨ Rwg‡Z cï Ges Mvoxi (Car tank) Rb¨ ißvwb †hvM¨
km¨, ˆRe‡Zj Ges msKivwqZ mqvweb Drcvw`Z n‡”Q; †mLv‡b Z…Zxq we‡k¦i j¶vwaK K…lK
MÖvgxY Ges kn‡ii gvby‡li Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi e„nv`vskB Drcv`b Ki‡Q| Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv I
jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi 960 wgwjqb †n±i Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi g‡a¨ 30-158 kZvsk wbqš¿‡Y Av‡Q
HwZn¨evnx K…lK‡`i| jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq 17 wgwjqb K…lK 60.5 wgwjqb †n±i Rwg
Pvlvev` K‡i| GB Lvgvi mg~‡ni Mo AvqZb 1.8 †n±i| wKš‘, GB ¶z`ª K…lK Lvgvi
e¨e¯’vq †gvU †`kxq Drc`v‡bi 51 kZvsk f~Æv, 77 kZvsk wkg, 61 kZvsk Avjy Drcv`b
K‡i| ïay eªvwR‡jB cÖvq 4.8 wgwjqb M„n¯’jx K„lK (mgMÖ K…l‡Ki 85 kZvsk) †`‡ki
†gvU Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi 30 kZvsk Pvlvev` K‡i| GB mg¯’ M„n¯’jx K…lK hv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Pvl‡hvM¨
Rwgi gvÎ 30 kZvsk| GB 30 kZvsk Rwgi 61 kZvsk wkg Ges 64 kZvsk Kmvfv Pvlvev` K‡i
Ges †`‡ki †gvU Drcvw`Z wk‡gi 84 kZvsk I Kmvfv 67 kZvsk M„n¯’jx K…lKivB Drcv`b
K‡i (Altieri, 1999).
Avwd«Kvq
33 wgwjqb ¶z`ª Lvgvi i‡q‡Q hv H GjvKvi mg¯— Lvgv‡ii 80 kZvsk| Z_vwc, eZ©gv‡b
Avwd«Kvi wecyj cwigvY Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| Avwd«Kvi AwaKvsk K…lK (hv‡`i
A‡b‡KB gwnjv) 2 †n±‡ii Kg Rwgi gvwjK| Zviv ïay †gŠwjK Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b K‡i †Kvb
iKg ivmvqwbK mvi Ges D”Pdjbkxj exR QvovB (Benner
1996). Gwkqvi 200 wgwjq‡bi †ewk K…lK avb Drcv`b K‡i| Zv‡`i Lvgv‡ii
AvqZb 2 †n±‡ii I Kg| wKš‘, Gwkqvi ¶z`ª K…lKiv I wecyj cwigvb avb Drcv`b K‡i
_v‡K| BwÛqvi †gvU Lvgv‡ii 74 kZvsk Lvgv‡ii AvqZb 2 †n±‡ii I Kg| wKš‘, †gvU †`wk
Lv`¨k‡m¨i 41 kZvsk GB ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii K…lKivB mieivn K‡i|
GB ai‡bi
¶z`ª Lvgvi c„w_exi †ewkifvM Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K; hv ¯’vbxq I AvÂwjK ch©v‡q
Lv‡`¨i mnRjf¨Zvi †¶‡Î `vi“b cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wKš‘, m‡›`nZxZ fv‡e GwU wekvj GK
cÖRvwZK ms¯‹…wZi D”Pdjbkxj ex‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvwacZ¨kxj K‡c©v‡U wbqš¿b †_‡K
A‡bK †ewk `~‡i wb‡q hvq (Grun land
1997).
L) Small forms I are more productive and
resource conserving than large-scale monocultures (e„nr
cÖRvwZK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi †P‡q ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’v A‡bK ‡ewk Drcv`bkxj Ges m¤ú` msi¶bkxj)t
hw`I GK_v
cÖPwjZ †h ¶z`ª M„n¯’jx Lvgvi A‡bK †ewk †m‡K‡j Ges Abyrcv`bkxj| wKš‘, M‡elYvq
†`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, hw` ïaygvÎ GKwU km¨‡K we‡ePbv bv K‡i eQ‡ii mvgwMÖK Drcv`b‡K
we‡ePbvq Avbv hvq Zvn‡j ¶z`ª Lvgvi e„nr Lvgv‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK ‡ewk Drcv`bkxj|
HwZn¨evnx GKB mv‡_ A‡bK km¨ Pvlvev` e¨e¯’v mviv we‡k¦i 20 kZvs‡ki †ewk Lv`¨
mieivn K‡i _v‡K| cwðg Avwd«Kvi 40 kZvsk Rwg‡Z wgkª km¨ Pvlvev` n‡q _v‡K| †hLv‡b
jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi cÖavb cÖavb km¨ mg~n Pvl nq wgkª Pvlvev` c×wZ‡Z (Francis 1986). GB ai‡bi
‰ewPΨgwÛZ Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †hLv‡b ¶z`ª ch©v‡qi K…lKiv km¨ dj-g~j, kvm-mewR, Mevw`
cïi Lv`¨ Ges M„ncvwjZ cï Drcv`b K‡i| hv e„nr Lvgv‡i Drcvw`Z GKwU km¨ ‡_‡K A‡bK
†ewk jvf RbK| GKwU e„nr Lvgv‡i nq‡Zv †n±i cÖwZ †Kvb GKwU km¨ †QvU Lvgv‡ii
Zzjbvq †ewk Drcv`b K‡i wKš‘, ¶z`ª Lvgv‡i k‡m¨i cvkvcvwk wgkªPv‡li gva¨‡g wkg,
Avjy, cvbxq Ges Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡i hv Av‡cw¶K A‡_© A‡bK ‡ewk jvfRbK|
wgkª Pvl c×wZi weKvk n‡q‡Q ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi K…lK‡`i gva¨‡g| GKB PvlhvM¨ Rwg‡Z
k‡m¨i Drcv`bkxjZv A_©Kvix dmj e¨e¯’vcbvi †P‡q ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †ewk| Rwgi
h_v‡hvM¨ e¨enviI 20-60 kZvsk †ewk nq ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq| KviY wgkª Pvlvev‡` AvMvQv, †cvKvgvKo Ges †ivM
evjvB‡qi Øviv k‡m¨i ¶wZ Kg nq| GgbwK m¤ú` †hgb cvwb, Av‡jv Ges cywói m‡e©vËg
e¨enviI ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq m¤¢eci nq|
Aí msL¨K
m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g ¶z`ª K…lKiv cÖwZ GK‡K †ewk jvf Ki‡Z m¶g; Gfv‡e
Zviv mvgwRK fv‡e AwaK jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` cÖwZwU k‡m¨i †¶‡Î Zviv †jvKmvbI nq (Rosset 1999) ZeyI hw` UvKvi A‡¼I
cwigvc Kiv nq ZeyI mvgwMÖK fv‡e ˆewPΨgq Lvgvi †ewk Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡i| hy³ iv‡óªi
GKwU Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq 2 †n±i AvqZ‡bi Lvgvi evrmwiK †n±i cÖwZ 15,104 Wjvi Drcv`b K‡i
Ges GKi cÖwZ 2920 Wjvi| †hLv‡b eo Lvgvi¸‡jvi Mo AvqZb 15,581 †n±i| evrmwiK
Drcv`b †n±i cÖwZ 249 Wjvi Ges GKi cÖwZ gvÎ 52 Wjvi| ïay ZvB bv ¶z`ª I gvSvwi
mvB‡Ri Lvgv‡i cÖPwjZ K…lK‡`i Zzjbvq D”P djbkxj exR I km¨ jvMv‡bv nq| GB km¨
mg~‡ni cwi‡e‡ki Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve LyeB Kg| ¶z`ª Lvgvi e„nr Lvgv‡ii Zzjbvq,
eûgywL, Drcvbkxj, Kvh©Kix Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b A‡bK †ewk Ae`vb iv‡L| e„nr
Lvgv‡ii Av‡k cv‡ki gvby‡li Zzjbvq ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii gva¨‡g RbMb A_©‰bwZK fv‡e †ewk
¯^vej¤^x nq| mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi GK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, ¶z`ª Drcv`b Kiv 10 kZvsk
¯’vqx RxweKv, 20 kZvsk cvBKvix weµq Ges ¯’vbxq gv_vwcQy Av‡q 37 kZvsk e„w× K‡i|
¶z`ªK…lKiv Aek¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg hZœ †bq ;f~wg ¶q †iva K‡i Ges Rxe‰ewPΨI
msi¶Y K‡i _v‡K|
Lvgv‡ii
AvqZb Ges Zvi †_‡K AvDUcyU Gi †h wecixZ m¤úK© †mUv AvR cÖZxqgvb| ZvB ¶z`ª
K…lK‡`i f~wg, cvwb, Rxe‰ewPΨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ K…wl m¤ú‡`i h_v‡hvM¨ I m‡e©vËg e¨envi
m¤¢e| Kg Li‡P AwaK gybvdvi †cÖ¶vc‡U mgvR Aek¨B ¶y`ª ch©v‡qi Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †ewk
fvj _v‡K| ¶z`ª ch©v‡qi Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g c„w_exi `w¶bvs‡ki MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ‡K
Av‡iv ‡ewk kw³kvjx Kiv m¤¢e| Gi gva¨‡g `w¶bvs‡ki gvbyyl‡K Zv‡`i cvwievwiK eÜb
AviI `„p Kiv m¤¢e; hv Avgv‡`i MÖvg-kni Awfevmb †iv‡a mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| hLb RbMY
Gfv‡e Lvgv‡ii msL¨v evov‡Z _vK‡e cvkvcvwk Lvgvi mg~‡n cvwbi cÖvc¨ZvI e„w× cv‡e|
ZLb ¶y`ª Lvgvi c„w_exi Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| we‡kl K‡i hLb
e„nr Lvgvi ïaygvÎ Mvoxi U¨vsK fivi Rb¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Q|
(M) Small traditional and biodiverse farms represent models of
sustainability (HwZn¨evnx ¶z`ª Ges Rxe‰ePwΨ gwÛZ Lvgvi ‡UKmB I
`xN©¯’vwq‡Z¡i KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj):
wkíwfwËK
K…wl e¨e¯’vi weRq m‡Ë¡I ¯’vbxq K…wl e¨e¯’v Zvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv I Lvc-LvIqv‡bvi †KŠk‡ji
gva¨‡g nvRvi nvRvi †n±i Rwg HwZn¨evnx K…wl e¨e¯’vcbvq gva¨‡g Zvi Ae¯’vb AvRI
a‡i †i‡L‡Q| HwZn¨evnx K…wle¨e¯’v hv GLb mg‡qi `vwe| `xN© 4000 eQi c‡iI Av›`xR,
†g‡mv Av‡gwiKv, `w¶b-c~e© Gwkqv Ges Avwd«Kvi wKQz As‡k AvRI we`¨gvb| hv
Rxe‰ewPΨ msi¶Y, Pvlev‡`i ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb QvovB Drcv`b Ges cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k I
eQ‡ii ci eQi †UKmB KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i mvg‡b cÖZxqgvb (Wilken 1987). ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
A`„k¨gvb wPÎ n‡”Q, Zvi D”P gvÎvi Rxe‰ewPΨ m¤úbœ m¤ú`| GB ai‡bi e¨e¯’v D”P
gvÎvi Dw™¢` ˆewPΨ‡K wgkª Pvl A_ev K…wlwfwËK ebvq‡bi gva¨‡g wbwðZ K‡i| hv Dw™¢`
cÖRvwZ‡K A‡bK †ewk cywó †hvMvq, KxUcZ½ cÖwZ‡ivaK K‡i, civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i,
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wbwðZ K‡i, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb m¤^wjZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv Drcv`b K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ wewPÎ
ai‡bi welq _v‡K hv wewPÎ ai‡bi ev¯‘Z‡š¿i †¶‡Î f~wgKv iv‡L (Altieri, 1995).
‡jvKvqZ/¯’vbxq
mnmª eQ‡ii Ges nvRvi ai‡bi K…wli aib Ges K…wl ˆewPΨ‡K mgwš^Z K‡i| GB Ávb Av‡iv
kvwbZ n‡q‡Q| GwU wbIwjw_K hyM †_‡K cÖPwjZ †hLv‡b ev¯‘Zvwš¿K Ges mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú`
mg~n i‡q‡Q, hvi †gŠwjK ¸bvejx fwel¨‡Z gvby‡li Kj¨‡Y e¨eüZ n‡e (Dewalt 1994). ¯’vbxq
Ávb/†jvKvqZ Ávb K…wli Dc‡hvMx evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú‡K© Lye we¯—vwiZ Rv‡b| †hgb:
¶z`ª K…lKiv 500 †ewk Dw™¢` cÖRvwZ‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvwUi aib, De©iZv Abymv‡i
Ges f~wg e¨envi †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ Rwg mg~n‡K cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| m¤cÖwZK
M‡elYvq civgk© w`‡q‡Q †h en~msL¨K Ly`ª
K…lKiv AvenvIqvMZ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z (cope) cv‡i| GgbwK wewfbœ
†KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g c~e© cª&¯—wZ Mªnb K‡i _v‡K| ‡hgb Liv mnbkx‡ji c~e© cÖRvwZ e¨envi e„w× K‡i, Rjvf~wg‡Z
Pvlvev`, wgkªkm¨ Pvlev`, AvMvQvi DcKvix e¨envi , K…wl ebvqb Ges G ai‡bi Ab¨vb¨
HwZn¨evnx †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g k‡m¨i Drcv`‡bi ¶wZ‡K n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i| ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi
cve©Z¨ GjvKvq nvwi‡Kb ÔwgP' (Mitch) Gi ci GK Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q †h, †mLbKvi K…l‡Kiv †UKmB km¨ Pvlvev‡`i PP©v
Ki‡Q| ‡hgb; `Macuna' cover crops,
intercropping and agroforestry hv Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i
Zzjbvq Kg ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj | wbKviv¸qv n¸yivm Ges ¸‡qZgvjvi24 wUAs‡ki 360wU
m¤cÖ`v‡q ga¨Kvi M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q ˆewPΨgq K…wl Rwg†Z 20-40kZvsk gvwU De©i, †ewk
Av`ªZv©hy³ gvwU, Kg f~wg ¶q Ges Kg A_©‰bwZK ¶wZi m¤§yLxb Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx hviv
cÖPwjZ cÖ_vq Pvlvev` K‡i Zv‡`I Zzjbvq (Holt-Gimenez
2001).
¯úófv‡e
cÖZxqgvb nq ¶z`ª Lvgv‡i cÖavb cÖavb k‡m¨I cvkvcvwk bvbvwea ˆewPΨgq k‡m¨I mgš^q
_v‡K, wb‡R‡`i Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨B mvi I KxUbvkK Ges D”Pdjbkxj exR Dcbœ K‡i Ges e¨e¯’vcbvI K‡i;- †hLv‡b BbcyU I
ADUcy‡Ui AbycvZ AbyK‡zj _v‡K| Lv‡`¨ wbivcËv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Kvix c`‡¶c †bq, Avq
e„w× K‡i Ges cwi‡ek‡K msi¶b K‡i | ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi cÖavb cÖavb
ˆewkó¨ mgyn -
·
†h mg¯— Lvgvi AvqZ‡b ¶z`ª †m ¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i
wU‡K _vKvi Dc‡hvMx Ges evRv‡i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx k‡m¨i avivevwnK Drcv`b K‡i ,
·
¯’vbxq m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg I Kvh©Kix e¨envi
K‡i Ges Lvgvi ewn©f~Z wRwb‡mi Dci Kg wbf©ikxj _v‡K|
·
evwn¨K kw³ Av‡cw¶Kfv‡e Kg cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq d‡j,
D”PgvÎvi kw³ mwÂZ _v‡K,
·
kªwgKiv _v‡K `¶ Ges cwic~iK, KviY, Zviv
nq M„n¯’jxi bZzev m¤cÖ`v‡qi AvZ¥xq| kªwgK‡`i Dci wbf©iZvi Kvi‡Y kw³i BbcyU Ges
AvDUcy‡ii AbycvZ wVK _v‡K,
·
LwbR c`v_© Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi cybt
e¨env‡ii Dci ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Kiv nq,
·
cÖK…wZi wei“‡× msMÖv‡gi †P‡q cÖvK…wZK
ev¯‘Zvwš¿K cÖwµqvi mv‡_ mnve¯’vb wbg©vY Kiv nq,
·
‰ewPΨgq Lvgvi e¨e¯’v g~jZ wewfbœ ai‡Yi
km¨ Pvlvev`, wgkª km¨ Pvl, k‡m¨i wewfbœ cÖRvwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ ˆewPΨi cÖRvwZi
Pvlvev‡`i gva¨‡gi mvwaZ nq|
DcwiwjwLZ
ˆewk‡ó¨i d‡j ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii gva¨‡g K…lK Zv‡`i Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨
Drcv`b Ki‡Z m¶g nq| hw`I Zv‡`i Rwg Lye fvj bq; Zv‡`i AvenvIqvMZ ˆewPΨZv †Zv Av‡QB,
GgbwK Zviv evB‡i my‡hvM-myweavI Kg cvq| HwZn¨evnx GB K…wl ev¯‘Zš¿ D”P gvÎvi
K…wl‰ewP‡Î¨i GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e wµqvkxj _v‡K| hv BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j K…wl ev¯‘Z‡š¿i
Kvh©vw`i Dci (Thrupp, 1998)| Drcv`b SzuwK n«vm Kiv‡bvi †¶‡Î ˆewPΨgq km¨ Pvlvev` ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi
GKwU cÖavb †KŠkj| †jvKvqZ Ávb Ges cÖhyw³i cybR©vMiY hv g~jZ ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii K…lKiv
e¨envi K‡i Zv mviv c„w_exi K…lK‡`i cwiewZ©Z AvenvIqvq wU‡K _vKv Ges Lvc
LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z‡_¨i †hvMvb w`‡Z cv‡i| cwi‡k‡l, cÖvK…wZK we‡k¦i mv‡_
Avgv‡`i wK m¤úK© †mB wek¦ex¶v‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i †jvKvqZ cÖhyw³| KviY, Avgv‡`i
cwðgv BD‡ivwcqvb HwZ‡n¨i Zzjbvq GwU A‡bK †ewk ev¯—em¤§Z Ges †UKmB|
(N)
Small farms represent a
sanctuary of GMO free agrobiodiversity :(¶z`ª Lvgvi
GMO gy³ K…wl ˆewP‡Î¨i Afqvib¨‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i)t
HwZn¨evnx
K„wlev¯‘Zš¿ hv RwUjZv gy³ Ges ˆewPΨgq km¨ e¨e¯’v hv K…lK cÖavb Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi
¯’vqx‡Z¡i cÖavb ˆewkó¨| GB km¨mg~n cwi‡ekMZ wewfbœ Pvc †gvKv‡ejv K‡i wbw`©ó
cwigvb Drcv`b Ki‡Z m¶g| mvaviYfv‡e HwZn¨evnx K…wl e¯‘Zš¿ wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK
`y‡hv©‡M Kg ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq; KviY ‡mLv‡b
ˆewPΨc~Y© km¨ Ges wewfbœ cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvi mnbkxj cÖRvwZi Pvlvev` Kiv
nq| HwZn¨evnx ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi K…lKiv
weivU ˆewP‡Î¨i Drcv`K| GB km¨ ˆewP‡Î¨i AwaKvsk cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRbvœš—‡i Pvlvev`
n‡q Avm‡Q| AvayywbK Drcv`‡Ki Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk cÖRvwZ ˆewP‡Î¨i AwaKvix Ges hv
k‡m¨i †ivM-evjvB, KxUcZ½, Liv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Pvc †_‡K Drcv`b‡K wbicËv `vb K‡i|
wek¦e¨vcx GK Rwi‡c ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, Lvgvi Pvlvev` †hvM¨ cÖavb 27wU cÖRvwZ wb‡q
weÁvbxiv M‡elYv K‡i †`‡L‡Qb †h, GB cªRvwZi †ewki fvMB Ly‡R cvIqv hvq HwZn¨evnx
K…wl e¨e¯’vq| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î fwel¨‡Zi cwi‡ekMZ MZ cwieZ©b A_ev mvgvwRK Ges
A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z K…lKiv GB km¨ ˆewPΨ‡K Bbmy‡iÝ wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i
_v‡K| A‡bK M‡elK Gfv‡e Dcmsnvi Uv‡bb †h, cÖRvwZ ˆewPΨ hZ †ewk Drcv`bI ZZ †ewk
Ges ¶wZ ZZ nªvm n‡e| D`vnib ¯^iƒc, Dw™¢‡`i †ivM m„wó Ges Zvi we¯—v‡i cÖwZeÜKZv
m„wó K‡i wgkª km¨ Pvl| †hLv‡b Dw™¢‡`i wbw`©ó †ivMwU we¯—vi n‡Z cv‡i bv|
mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Px‡b GKwU M‡elbv Kiv nq- PviwU wfbœ wfbœ cÖRvwZi av‡bi wgkª Pvl
Kiv nq 3,000 †n±i Rwg‡Z 15wU wfbœ wfbœ GjvKvq| †hLv‡b 44 kZvsk Kg ev÷ (av‡bi
GK ai‡bi †ivM) Avµvš— nq Ges 89 kZvsk †ewk Drcv`b nq GKwU km¨ Pvlvev‡`i Zzjbvq|
D‡jL¨ GLv‡b †Kvb ai‡bi QÎvK bvkKI e¨envi Kiv nq bvB| D”P cÖRvwZi k‡m¨i
e¨emvwqK AvMÖvm‡b †jvKvqZ K…l‡Ki ¸i“Z¡c~Y© PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ (Liv cÖwZ‡ivaK,
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq m¶g, km¨-k‡m¨i cvi®úvwiK m¤ú©K, D”P¸b m¤úbœ cÖf„wZ) nviv‡Z cv‡i|
GB ai‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U K…lKiv cwi‡e‡ki evwn¨K cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi m¶gZv
nviv‡e Ges ¯^í wewb‡qvM K‡i m¤ú`v‡qi †h Lv`¨ wbivcËv AR©b Ki‡Zv †mwU nviv‡e|
hw`I nvBeªxW k‡m¨i AvMgb km¨ cÖRvwZi †K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb †bIqvi m¤¢vebv LyeB D”P| GMO km¨ mgyn wbqwš¿Z (Protect areas) GjvKvi K…lK‡`i
Pvlvev‡`i †¶‡Î `vi“b ûgwK Kvib n‡q `uvov‡e| ¯’vbxq K…lK‡`i Rb¨ †h mg¯— ˆewkó¨
¸i“Z¡c~Y© †m ¸‡jvI aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb n‡e| GB †c¶vc‡U Aí cwigvb evwn¨K BbcyU
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †h wekvj Drcv`b ¶gZv †mwUI n«vm cv‡e Ges SuzwK mg~n AviI e„w×
cv‡e| cÖRvwZ `~l‡bi d‡j cÖRvwZ ˆewPΨ bó n‡e, ¯’vbxq k‡m¨i Drcv`b nªv‡mi d‡j
mgv‡R wei“c cÖfve co‡e Ges Z…Zxq wek¦ ev Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv †ewk cÖvwš—K
K‡i Zzj‡e| cÖRvwZK ˆewPΨ‡K wU‡K ivL‡Z n‡j GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖRvwZ‡K †h †Kvb ai‡bi
mvsKivqb Ges cÖRvwZK `~lb †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖRvwZ ˆewPΨ Rvg©
cvR‡gi wei“‡× Øxc m`„k GKwU †eóbx ˆZwi K‡i hv wewfbœ ai‡bi ev¯‘Zvwš¿K mgm¨vi
†gvKv‡ejv K‡i | †hgb AvwdªKvq Gates
Rockefeller AGRA KZ©©„K M„nxZ cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g wØZxq meyR
wec‡ei d‡j Lv‡`¨ †h msKU ‰Zix nq Zv Zv‡`i mgvwRK †¶‡Î cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| hw` GMO gy³ km¨ Pvlvev` Kiv
hvq Zvn‡j cÖRvwZ ˆewP‡Î¨i GB AfqviY¨ ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| Dˇii AvMv©wbK Lvgvi ¸‡jv‡K
ms¯‹vi I bZzbfv‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| `w¶Y we‡k¦i ¶z`ª ¶z`ª K…lK Ges ¯’vbxq
m¤cÖ`vq‡K Dˇii weÁvb, GbwRI mevB‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ges AwffveKZ¡ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e
mgMÖ c„w_exi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gvUv‡bv Ges Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú©~Y nIqv m¤¢e|
(O) Small farms cool the climate (¶z`ª Lvgvi AvenvIqvi AbyKzj/AvenvIqv‡K
kxZj iv‡L)t
‡hLv‡b
wkívqb K…wl mivmwi MÖxb nvDm M¨vm mg~n wbM©g‡bi GK Z…Zxqvsk Kve©b WvB A·vBW,
wg‡_b Ges bvBUªvm A·vBW M¨vm wbM©gb K‡i| †mLv‡b Rxe‰ewPΨc~Y© ¶z`ª Lvgvi wecixZ
fv‡e gvwU‡Z Kve©‡bi wgkª‡b mnvqZv K‡i| ¶y`ª K…lKiv mvavibZ K‡¤úvwRU mvi e¨envi
K‡i hv gvwU‡Z Kve©b †kvl‡b AwaK mnvqZ K‡i Ges hv evRv‡i cÖPwjZ ivmvqwbK mv‡ii
Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Kix| M‡elKiv e‡jb †h, 1,170,000 Mvox iv¯—v †_‡K mwi‡q
†dj‡j evqygÛj †_‡K †h cwigvY Kve©b wbM©gb Kg n‡e; wVK GKB cwigvb Kve©b gvwU
†kvlb Ki‡e hw` 10,000 ¶z`ª Ges gvSvix AvKv‡ii Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g km¨ Drcv`b
Kiv nq|
cÖPwjZ
K…wl e¨e¯’vq †h cwigvb Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx e¨envi Kiv nq; †mwU e¨envi bv K‡iI ¶z`ª
Lvgvi AvenvIqvq Ae`vb iv‡L| GgbwK GLv‡b ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUbvkK e¨envi Kiv nq bv
ej‡jB P‡j| Zviv AM©vwbK e¨e¯’vq Pvlvev`, gvwUi De©iZv Ges KxUcZ‡½i DcKvix
e¨env‡ii Dci †ewk Av¯’v iv‡L| †h mg¯— K…lK m¤cÖ`vq kni Ges bM‡ii KvQvKvwQ emevm
K‡i Ges bM‡ii KvQvKvwQ emevm K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq evRv‡ii mv‡_ m¤ú„³ _v‡K Zviv kw³
(GbvwR©) AcPq †_‡K weiZ _v‡K Ges kZ kZ Ges nvRvi nvRvi gvBj Lv`¨ cwien‡b †h
cwigvb M¨vm wbM©gb nq †mwU †iv‡ai gva¨‡g I cwi‡ek‡K kvš— iv‡L|
Z…Zxq
Aa¨vq
Dcmsnvi
¶y`ª Lvgvi
e¨e¯’vi wbie wPÎ n‡”Q D”P gvÎvi K…wl Rxe ˆewPΨ hv wgkª Dcv‡q mw¾Z _v‡K eû
k‡m¨i Pvlvev` RxweKvi mv‡_ k‡m¨i mgš^q Ges K…wl bMvq‡bi gva¨‡g| ˆewPÎc~b©
cÖRvwZ ev ˆewPΨc~Y© Pvlvev‡`i gva¨‡g bZzb ai‡bi K…wl ev¯‘Zš¿ †mB mg¯— K…lK‡`i
Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© hv‡`i Pvlvev` e¨e¯’v FY, bZzb bZzb KxUbvkK, D”P cÖhyw³i †UªWwgjm,
AvenvIqvMZ cwieZ©b Drcv`b e¨e¯’v, gvbyl m„ó Ges cÖK…wZMZ wewfbœ ai‡bi Pv‡ci d‡j
aŸs‡‡mi m¤§yLxb| Avgv‡`i ¯’vbxq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi KvQ ‡_‡K A‡bK wKQz wk¶vi Av‡Q|
†hgbt GB K…wl e¨e¯’vq kw³kvjx ev¯‘Z‡š¿i Dci wbf©ikxj gyj¨evb Rxb ˆewP‡Î¨
weivR K‡i Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Ge
Rxe‰ewPΨ‡K msi¶b Ges c~biyrcv`b K‡i| HwZn¨evnx c×wZ mg~n mywbw`©ófv‡e w`K-
wb‡`©kbv m¤úbœ| KviY `xN© ˆewPΨgq AvenvIqvi †cÖw¶‡Z mdj Pvlvev` e¨e¯’vcbvi
AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q|
K…wlev¯‘Zš¿
weÁvbxiv HwZn¨evnx Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi `xN© ¯’vwqZ¡ †evSvi gva¨‡g ev¯‘Z‡š¿i Kjv †KŠkj
mg~n fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡e| cieZx©‡Z GB welq¸‡jv‡K Abyev‡`i gva¨‡g g~jbxwZ‡Z
cwibZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hv K„lK‡`i ¯’vbxq mnRjf¨ Ges h_vh_ cÖhyw³ MÖn‡b cieZx© `yB
`kK a‡i K…lK‡`i g~j wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| AvR mgq G‡m‡Q †h, weÁvbxiv †hb
HwZn¨evnx K…wli f~wgKv‡K Av‡jv‡Z wb‡q Av‡m KviY, GB K…wl e¨e¯’v cªRvwZK m¤ú`
Ges Lvgvi †KŠkj‡K cyb©RxweZ K‡i; hv †UKmB Mªvgxb Dbœq‡bi cÖavb †KŠkj n‡e Ges GB
†KŠkj m¤ú`nxb Mixe K…lK Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| K…wlev¯‘Zš¿ weÁvbx‡`i `w¶Yvs‡ki
msMwVZ mvgvwRK MÖvgxY Av‡›`vjb mg~n‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv DwPZ| KviY `w¶Yvs‡ki AwaKvsk
wew”Qbœ GjvKv µgea©gvb Abb¨ K…wl Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i AwaKvix| hvi mv‡_ Rxb ˆewP‡Î¨i
Dcv`vb Aš©—fy³| ïay ZvB bq eo ai‡bi ev¯‘Z‡š¿i e¨_©Zvi †¶‡Î GwU evwn¨K myi¶vKeP
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avi GB ai‡bi ev¯‘Z‡š¿i e¨_©Zv ˆZwi nq Ah_v©_ AvaywbKvq‡bi d‡j|
GwU mywbw`©ófv‡e ‰ewPΨgq ‡R‡bwUK km¨ m¤ú` m„wó Ges i¶bv‡e¶b Ki‡Z m¶g hv ¶z`ª
K…lK‡`i Øviv GKwU Abb¨ Òwb‡PÓ (niche) ‰Zwi Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| GB ai‡bi mdjZv c„w_exi DËvivs‡ki wkw¶Z I
mymwÄZ Ges GMOs km¨ Øviv m¤¢e bq| DËivs‡ki †fv³v‡`i AwZ wcÖq Kwd, Kjv Ges Ab¨vb¨ AMv©wbK cb¨
`w¶bvs‡ki K…wl ev¯‘Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e| GB wfbœZv DËivwaKvimy‡Î
HwZn¨evnx e¨e¯’v mv‡_ RwoZ| †KŠkj MZ fv‡e DËivsk ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi Amxgmy‡hvM
¸‡jv‡K bó K‡i‡Q| Z_vwc, evRvi e¨e¯’vi mKj wbqš¿Y Z„bg~j gvby‡li nIqv DwPZ|
Dˇii †fv³viv
GB ¯^wbf©i Ges mgZv wfwËK evRvi‡K mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
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