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Contemporary Political Perception




 ‘Odvut Uter Pithe Colese Shadesh’ Motherland is traveling with a strange Camel. This is my personal expression about the present condition of country. I have never seen language movement, Independence movement, the movement against autonomy. So, I haven’t n special experience. When ’Shabagh Chattar’ started their movement, I feel proud, because its our generation’s first step towards justice. My personal observation about the ‘Ganajagoron Manch’ is that, it changes the natural equation of any movement. Its presentation becomes an art & culture. Although some intellectual people (Selim Reza Newton & so on) said that, speed of cultural component gradually increase during crisis or movement. A lot of music, letters, articles, posters, stickers, books, documentaries are being made which are associated with the current movement.  Generally every movement has an enemy (by and large ruling class). But, in this movement the enemy is invisible. On the one hand, It’s quite seems to be against government but go with the political manifesto of the ruling party. One the other hand, it’s against another existing hegemony called religion. 
Bangladeshi people are belonging with two different hegemonies. One called progressive, modern and another is conservative in respect of religion. In every time in this country battle happen between these two hegemonies; in various forms, different banners. Our Father of Nation tries to incorporate these two hegemonies. But he failed. Our country is not a secular country as well as a religious country. As well as Bangladesh doesn’t follow capitalist or socialist state policy. So our country is hanging in a predicament. The country men faces identity problem between Bengali or Bangladeshi, Muslim or Hindu (Naturally other language are being invisible; Don’t know why? Different in case of Ramu incident) as well as, Bengali or ethnic. So every political party tries to keep it illusion and wish to enjoy getting benefit.
However, ‘Awami league’ is successfully had as a feature with progressive hegemony, but still have afraid about religious hegemony (obviously vote bank). So they failed to make the constitution secular. In consistency they not support the ‘Blogger Activist’ and not against the ‘Hefajate Islam’. Similarly the failure to aggregate progressive hegemony BNP & Jatiya Party always go with religious hegemony. Now this hegemony is raises their voices against state power. So these two parties support the ‘Hefajate Islam’ and so on.
    

শক্তি এবং সংস্কৃতির বিবর্তন



kw³ Ges ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b
                                 - ‡jmwj.G.†nvqvBU
(লেখাটি আমার এক স্যারের নির্দেশে লেখা। স্যারের প্রতি কৃতজ্ঞ অনেক ঝামেলার মধ্যেও লেখাটি আদায় করে নেয়ার জন্য।)

ms¯‹…wZi KvR n‡”Q gvby‡li Pvwn`vi (needs) †hvMvb (serve) †`Iqv| Avi GB Pvwn`v `yB ai‡Yi| h_v-

Ä wKQz Pvwn`v (needs) Av‡Q †h¸‡jv gvbyl Zvi wbR¯^ A½-cÖZ¨½ (organism) w`‡q Pvwn`v‡K †gUv‡Z ev cwic~Y© Ki‡Z m¶g| G¸‡jv n‡”Q, Mvb MvIqv, bvPv, wg_ ev Mí ˆZwi Kiv, K¬ve ev msMVb ˆZwii gva¨‡g GK‡Î emevm Kiv BZ¨vw` n‡”Q GB ai‡Yi Pvwn`v|

Ä wØZxq ai‡Yi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ gvbyl Zvi evB‡ii (c„w_exi) RM‡Zi m¤ú`¸‡jvi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges GB Pvwn`v¸‡jv gvbyl Zvi wbR¯^ A½-cÖZ¨½(organism) w`‡q †gUv‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb- gvbyl Zvi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evB‡ii c„w_exi Dci wbf©i K‡i| nvwZqvi (tools), A¯¿(weapons) Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘i mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl wb‡Ri Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb †_‡K Lv`¨, Avkªq(shelter) msMÖn K‡i, kΓ †_‡K wbivcËv AR©b K‡i| GiKg AviI A‡bK Pvwn`v c~iY nq ewn©RMZ (External world) †_‡K|

Hk¦wiK (spritual) Ges bv›`wbK/†mŠ›`h©msµvš— (esthetic) Pvwn`v †hgb- Mvb MvIqv, bvP Kiv, wg_ ˆZwi cÖf„wZi gva¨‡g ZLbB cwiZ…wß AR©b m¤¢e hLb gvby‡li Lv`¨, evm¯’vb Ges wbivcËv cwic~Y©fv‡e AwR©Z n‡e| Gfv‡e mgMÖ ms¯‹…wZ RMZ e¯‘RM‡Zi (mateiral world), hš¿/cÖhyw³MZ (mechanical) DcKiY Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g gvbyl wb‡R‡K c„w_exi mv‡_ GK‡Î †eu‡a iv‡L|

Ab¨ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q, gvby‡li †mmg¯— Pvwn`v Avi Af¨š—ixb m¤ú`(inner resources/wbR¯^ A½-cÖZ¨½) w`‡q cwic~Y© K‡i †h¸‡jv w¯’i (constant) wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| wKš‘, ewn©RM‡Zi m¤ú`(outer resources) ˆewPΨc~Y© g‡b Kiv nq| †hKvi‡Y ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv w¯’i (inner resources) cÖZ¨q¸‡jv‡K ev` w`‡Z cvwi Ges ïaygvÎ ˆewPΨgq (variable) cÖc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi| GB ˆewPΨgq (variable) m¤ú`¸‡jv n‡”Q- e¯‘MZ (material) Ges cÖhyw&³MZ DcKiY (mechanical means); hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K e¨envi K‡i, Kv‡R jvMvq Ges †kvlY K‡i|

gvbyl †h cÖwµqvq c„w_exi mv‡_ hy³; †mwU‡K we‡k­lY Ges mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e 5wU wel‡qi (factor) mvnv‡h¨| h_v-

Ä gvby‡li kvixwiK A½-cÖZ¨½(the human organism)

Ä Avevm¯’j ev evm¯’vb (the habitat) ev ¯’vwbK cÖwZ‡ek

Ä gvby‡li wbqwš¿Z Ges e¨vwqZ kw³i cwigvY (the amount of energy controlled and expended by man)

Ä kw³ e¨env‡ii DcKiY I c×wZmg~n (the ways and means in which energy is expended) Ges

Ä gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iY¶g cY¨/e¯‘; hv kw³ LiP K‡i Drcv`b Kiv nq (the human –need-serving product which accurse from the expenditure of energy).

myZivs ejv hvq †h, gbyl¨ cÖRvwZi gZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj cÖRvwZ Zv‡`i Avevm¯’‡ji m¤ú` Zv‡`i Pvwn`v I D‡Ïk¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i GK ev GKvwaK Dcv‡q wgwU‡q _v‡K| Dc‡ii cvuPwU wel‡qi †¶‡Î Avgiv g‡b Ki‡Z cvwi †h, cÖ_g welqwU (organic factor) w¯’i I AcwieZ©bxq| hw`I gvby‡li kvixwiK ˆewkó¨ Ges Kg©¶gZv wfbœ wfbœ| wKš‘, Avgiv †mRb¨ ms¯‹…wZi wfbœZvi Rb¨ gvbwlK ev kvixwiK wfbœZv‡K `vqx Ki‡Z cvwibv| GB Av‡jvPbvq bi-‡Mvôx‡K (Human-race) Avgiv GKwU wek¦Rbxb GK‡K we‡ePbv K‡i wbB A_ev w¯’i wKsev Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ev`I w`‡Z cvwi|

`ywU evm¯’vb †hgb KL‡bv GKB iKg bq; †Zgwb mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avevm¯’jI wfbœ wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| hw`I mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avevm¯’‡ji wfbœZvi aiY LyeB `xN©‡gqv`x cÖwµqv; ZeyI GB wfbœZv j¶¨bxq| ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b Aa¨qb Kivi Avevm¯’‡ji welqwU w¯’i wn‡m‡e a‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Avgiv a‡i †bB †h, c„w_exi mKj Avevm¯’‡ji Pvwn`v c~iY‡hvM¨ Ges gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx m¤ú‡`i cwigvY mgvb| (wKš‘, GKwU welq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h, hLb Avgiv †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b Aa¨qb Kie, ZLb Aek¨B †mB ms¯‹…wZi wbw`©ó Avevm¯’j‡K we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|) myZivs Avgiv hw` Avevm¯’j‡K w¯’i we‡ePbv Kwi; Zvn‡j GB welqwU‡KI cÖ_gwUi gZ (human organism) ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi Av‡jvPbvi evB‡i ivL‡Z cvwi|

GB welq `ywU‡K ev` w`‡j, †h‡Kvb ai‡Yi mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v‡b wZbwU welq we`¨gvb _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡”Q-

Ü GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q gv_vwcQz e¨eüZ (harnessed) kw³i cwigvY Ges †mwUi gva¨‡g ms¯‹…wZi Kv‡R jvMv‡bv,(the amount of energy per capita per unit of time harnessed and put to work within the culture)

Ü cÖhyw³MZ DcKiY; hvi gva¨‡g kw³ e¨vwqZ nq (the technological means with which this energy is expended).

Ü gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iY¶g cY¨/e¯‘; hv kw³ e¨envi K‡i Drcv`b Kiv nq (the human-need-serving product that accrues from the expenditure of energy).

Avgiv GB wZbwU welq Gi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K GKwU m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`L‡Z cvwi-
                 E X T= P [kw³ X DcKiY=ms¯‹…wZ]

GLv‡b,          ÔEÕ Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q gv_vwcQz e¨eüZ kw³i cwigvY‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| ÔTÕ cÖhyw³MZ DcKiY‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ges ÔPÕ GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ kw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z †Kvb cY¨/e¯‘‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|

welqwU‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU D`vniY †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: GKRb gvbyl GKwU KzVvi/Kzov‡ji (axe) mvnvh¨ KvV KuvU‡Q| a‡i wbB †h, Kv‡Vi ¸YMZ ˆewkó¨ Ges gvby‡li Kv‡Ri `¶Zv GKB iKg Ges w¯’i| g‡b Kwi wbw`©ó mgq n‡”Q, GK N›Uv| GLb GK N›Uvq KZUzKz KvV KuvUv n‡e †mwU `ywU wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

cÖ_gZ, gvbyl ev kªwgK H GK N›Uvq KZ cwigvY kw³ e¨envi Ki‡Q Zvi Dci, hZ †ewk kw³ e¨envi Ki‡e ZZ †ewk KvV KvuUv m¤¢e n‡e|

wØZxqZ, GK N›Uvq KvV KvuUvi cwigvY wbf©i Ki‡e wK ai‡Yi KzVvi/Kzovj e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Dci| A_©vr, Ab¨vb¨ welq GKB iKg _vK‡j wbw`©ó mg‡q KvV KvuUvi cwigvY wbf©i Ki‡e KzVvi/Kzov‡ji ¸bMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Ici| hZ fvj KzVvi/Kzovj e¨envi Kiv n‡e; ZZ †ewk KvV KvuUv m¤¢e n‡e| Avw`g hy‡Mi GKwU cv_‡ii Kzov‡ji †P‡q eZ©gvb mg‡qi †jvnv wKsev ÷x‡ji Kzovj/KzVvi w`‡q †ewk cwigvY KvV KuvUv hv‡e|

‡Kvb GKwU Kv‡Ri Kvh©¶gZv hv gvby‡li kw³i gva¨‡g Kiv nq Zv †KŠkjMZfv‡e wbf©i K‡i Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e¨vw³i kvixwiK/ˆ`wnK `¶Zv Ges e¨eüZ nvwZqv‡ii ˆewk‡ó¨i Ici| GB Av‡jvPbv Avgiv ˆ`wnK ¶gZv/`¶Zv‡K mgvb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡ev|

nvwZqvi ev DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi kw³ e¨env‡ii ¶gZv‡K e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU `ywU Dcv‡q m¤¢e: DcKiY, nvwZqvi ev cÖhyw³‡K Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g A_ev wbK…ó ev wbgœgv‡bi DcKiY ev cÖhyw³i cwie‡Z© †kªqZi ev D”PZi DcKiY ev cÖhyw³i cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g| wKš‘, †h‡Kvb ai‡bi cÖhyw³ ev DcKiY‡K DbœZ Kivi GKwU mxgvbv i‡q‡Q| †Kvb cÖhyw³‡K DbœZ Kivi GB mxgvbv AwZµg Kiv m¤¢e bq| GB mxgvbv 1-100 kZvs‡ki g‡a¨ we`¨gvb _v‡K| †hgb: GKwU KzVvi‡K cv_i †_‡K †jvnv wKsev ÷x‡j DbœZ Kiv m¤¢e; Gi †P‡q fvj †Kvb avZz Øviv Kzovj‡K wbg©vY Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘, Zvi †ewk DbœZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘, GB Kzov‡ji cwie‡Z© fvj ‡Kvb cÖhyw³ ev DcKiY ˆZwi m¤¢e hvi mvnv‡h¨ GKB mg‡q GKB cwigvY gbyl¨ kw³ e¨envi K‡i AwaK KvV KvuUv m¤¢e| KzVv‡ii cwie‡Z© KivZ wKsev ˆe`y¨wZK KivZ w`‡q A‡bK †ewk KvV KvuUv m¤¢e| myZivs ejv hvq †h, †Kvb cÖhyw³i DbœZ Kivi mxgv wbw`©ó| ZvB bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Kvh©¶gZv‡K AwaK e„w× Kiv hvq|
ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb‡K GKUz mvaviYxKiY Kiv hvK| Avgiv Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ cwieZ©‡bi m~ÎUv‡K GKUz wfbœfv‡e wjwL-

                      E X F= P [kw³ X DcKiY Gi Kvh©¶gZv=ms¯‹…wZ]

GLv‡b ÔEÕ Ges ÔPÕ c~‡e©i welq¸‡jv‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| h_v: E= e¨eüZ kw³i cwigvY Ges P= Drcvw`Z cY¨/e¯‘| wKš‘, ÔFÕ n‡”Q cÖhyw³MZ DcKi‡Yi Kvh©¶gZv; hvi Øviv kw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq (efficiency of mechanical means)| Avgiv Rvwb †h, ms¯‹…wZi KvRB n‡”Q gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv| GLb Avgiv ms¯‹…wZi DbœqY‡K wKfv‡e cwigvc Ki‡ev? GUv m¤¢e we`¨gvb ms¯‹…wZi Øviv, H ms¯‹…wZ wK ai‡Yi Kvh©¶g cÖhyw³ ev DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Q Zvi Øviv Ges wK ai‡bi gbyl¨ Pvwn`v c~iY¶g cY¨/e¯‘ Drcv`b Ki‡Q Zvi Øviv| m~‡Î ÔPÕ GKwU wbw`©ó mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v‡b wK cwigvY `ªe¨, e¯‘ ev cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Zvi mvgwMÖKZv‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| GLv‡b ÔPÕ ms¯‹…wZi Ae¯’v‡K (status of culture) cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| AviI we¯—vwiZfv‡e ej‡j, ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gvÎv‡K (degree of cultural development) cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| hw` ÔFÕ = cÖhyw³MZ DcKi‡Yi Kvh©¶gZv‡K w¯’i wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi| Zvn‡j ÔPÕ = ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gvÎv, ÔEÕ = e¨eüZ kw³i cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i cwiewZ©Z n‡e| ZLb m~ÎwU n‡e-

E1 X F               P1
E2 X F                   P2

GwU n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZ Dbœq‡bi cÖ_g I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m~Î| A_©vr hw` Ab¨vb¨ mKj welq mgvb _v‡K; (†hgb: gvbe †Mvôx, Avevm¯’j Ges e¨eüZ cÖhyw&³MZ DcKiY) Zvn‡j, ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb cÖZ¨¶fv‡e GKwU eQ‡i gv_vwcQz e¨eüZ kw³i cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj|

GKBfv‡e, wbw`©ó mg‡q gv_vwcQz kw³ e¨env‡ii cwigvY‡K hw` wbw`©ó/w¯’i wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi| ZLb ÔPÕ, ÔFÕ Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i cwiewZ©Z n‡e|

E X F1               P1
E X F2                   P2

GwU ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi wØZxq m~Î| hw` Ab¨vb¨ mKj welq mgvb _v‡K| Zvn‡j ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gvÎv cÖZ¨¶fv‡e cÖhyw³MZ DcKi‡Yi Kvh©¶gZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| GwU Aek¨¤¢vex Ges cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ †h, hw` E Ges F ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e GKB wKsev wecixZ w`‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡q; Zvn‡j P I GKB ev wecixZ w`‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡e| Avi GwUI cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ †h, E Ges F memgq wewfbœ w`‡K wewfbœ gvÎvq cwieZ©bkxj| hw` E Ges F ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e e„w× cvq Zvn‡j P `ª“Z e„w× cv‡e| wKš‘, hw` ïaygvÎ †h‡Kvb GKwU E A_ev F e„w× cvq Ges Ab¨wU w¯’i _v‡K Zvn‡j P e„w×i gvÎv ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Kg n‡e|


Avevi, E Ges F Gi †h‡Kvb GKwU hw` n«vm cvq Ges Ab¨wU hw` w¯’i _v‡K Zvn‡j P Gi cwieZ©‡bi gvÎv n«vm cv‡e| wKš‘, hw` E Ges F DfqwU hw` GKB mv‡_ n«vm cvq, Zvn‡j P Gi n«vmI `ª“ZZi n‡e|

Ab¨w`‡K, E e„w× †cj wKš‘ F hw` n«vm cvq wKsev hw` wecixZwU (vice-versa)N‡U| Zvn‡j, P Gi e„w× e¨nZ n‡e wKsev AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| hw` E Ges F ga¨Kvi n«vm-e„w×i nvi mgvš—ivj ev fvimvg¨ _v‡K Zvn‡j P AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| wKš‘, hw` E Gi e„w×i nvi F Gi n«v‡mi †P‡q †ewk nq wKsev wecixZ (vice-versa) µg nq Zey  P e„w× cv‡e| wVK GKBfv‡e E Gi n«v‡mi nvi hw` F Gi e„w×i †P‡q †ewk wKsev wecixZ n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j P Gi n«vm n‡e|

Dc‡ii mvaviYxK…Z m~Î `ywU n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©‡bi m~Î| ms¯‹…wZ ZLbB DbœZ nq hLb gvbyl KZ©„K e¨eüZ evwl©K gv_vwcQz kw³i e¨env‡ii cwigvY e„w× cvq| DfqwUi ¯^Ztù~Z© e„wׇZI ms¯‹…wZi DbœqbI `ª“Z nq|

mKj RxweZ cÖRvwZB Zv‡`i Rxeb avi‡Yi ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx msMÖvg K‡i Pj‡Q| gvbe cÖRvwZ   Aw¯—Ë¡ i¶vi msMÖvg Abygvb ev †evSv hvq ms¯‹…wZi aiY †`‡L| gvby‡li Aw¯—Ë¡ i¶vi msMÖvg KL‡bv †kl nevi bq| gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ D‡ËviËi mg„×, fvj Rxeb-hvcb Ges wbivcËvi Rb¨ wbZ¨ bZzb Kvh©µg, AvaywbK †_‡K AvaywbKZi hš¿, DcKiY ev cÖhyw³ Avwe®‹vi K‡i P‡j‡Q| ms¯‹…wZi GB c×wZ‡Z gvbyl AwaK kw³kvjx cÖhyw³ Avwe®‹vi Ges e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g evwl©K kw³ (energy) e¨env‡ii gvÎv‡KI evwo‡q Zz‡j‡Q| Gfv‡e cvwb, evZvm Ges Av¸b‡K gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Q, eb¨ cï‡K M„ncvwjZ K‡i‡Q, eb¨ Dw™¢`‡K Pvlvev` Dc‡hvMx K‡i‡Q, ev®úxq BwÄb ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K bZzb cÖhyw³i mv‡_ Lvc-LvIqv‡bv Ges cÖhyw³ wbqš¿b Ges e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ ms¯‹…wZ‡KI DbœZ K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e ms¯‹…wZi Rb¨ bZzb kw³ ˆZwi Ges ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g kw³i e¨env‡ii cwigvY‡K evwo‡q Zz‡j‡Q| hZ my›`i Ges Kvh©c‡hvMx wn‡m‡e kw³‡K e¨envi K‡i‡Q, ms¯‹…wZI ZZ DbœZ I AMÖmi n‡q‡Q|

Dcmsnvi t
‡nvqvBU Zvi ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b Z‡Ë¡ ms¯‹…wZ‡K M‡elYvi GKK a‡ib| wZwb cÖhyw³MZ, mvgvwRK Ges gZv`wk©K GB wZbfv‡M ms¯‹…wZ‡K fvM K‡iY| wZwb cÖZ¨¶ Ges c‡iv¶fv‡e ms¯‹…wZi Dci cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve‡K ¸i“Z¡ †`b| ZvB Zv‡K cwi‡ek wba©viYev`xI ejv hvq| wZwb kw³i e¨env‡ii gvÎv (level/degree of energy use) †K ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©‡bi wbqvgK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘, †nvqvBU cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôxi cvi®úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Dci †Rvi †`bwb e‡j A‡bK b„weÁvbxi AwfgZ| Zvi mvs¯‹…wZK weeZ©‡bi KvVv‡gv GK mËvMZ Ges GK‰iwLK|

†h mg¯— eB¸‡jvi mn‡hvwMZv †bIqv n‡q‡Q

Gamst.C.F.S.Norbeek.E(1976.cd.) Ideas of culture Sources and Uses.33. Energy and the evolution of culture, by Leslie A. white. PP.283-309. Holt, Rinehart and winston. New York.America
Moore, D.J.(1997) Visions of culture. An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorist. Part Four Evolutionary; Adaptitionist and materialist Theories, Julian Steward: Cultural Ecology and Multilinear Evolution PP.169-189. Altamira press.
Avjg,Gm,Gg Gb(2003,m¤úvw`Z), mgvR,kixi I cwi‡ek:b„weÁv‡bi cÖeÜvejx, c„ôv bs-173-175, b„weÁvb wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq|
ingvb, GBP,(2010), mgvR weÁvb cwiwPwZ, nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|