Small Farms as a Planetary Ecological Asset

Small Farms as a Planetary Ecological Asset: Five Key Reasons Why We should Support the Revitalisation of Small Farms in the Global South

&

Linking Ecologists and Traditional Farmers in the Search for Sustainable Agriculture

By

Miguel A Altieri

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Avgv‡`i cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ eZ©gvb mgqKvi P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx †_‡K ‰ewk¦K Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vi ¯’vbvš—i NUv‡bvi gva¨‡g wkíwfwËK K…wl‡K ¯’vbvš—i Kiv| Avgv‡`i Ab¨ GKwU weKí K…wl wbf©i Dbœqb c¨vivWvBg `iKvi| †h K…wl Avgv‡`i‡K ev¯‘Zvwš¿Kfv‡e †UKmB Rxe‰ewP‡Îi Rb¨ mvgvwRKfv‡e DØ~× Ki‡e| †mŠfvM¨ekZ, eZ©gv‡b Ggb nvRv‡iv bZzb Ges weKí D‡`¨vM mviv c„w_ex e¨vcx PP©v n‡”Q hv Avgv‡`i ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi AbyK‚j, ¶z`ª K…lK‡K msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g RxweKvi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i, Drcv`b cÖwµqv A‡bK †ewk ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z, wbivc` Ges mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨgq Lv`¨ Ges eȇbi ¯’vbxqKiY Ges e¨emv I evRviRvZKi‡Yi †¶‡ÎI myweavRbK| ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi AbyK‚j †ewkifvM †UKmB KvVv‡gv Avgv‡`i HwZn¨evnx K…wle¨e¯’vq we`¨gvb wQj| G ai‡Yi j¶vwaK D`vniY m¤cÖ`vq wfwËK mdj ¯’vbxq K…wle¨e¯’vq we`¨gvb| GB ai‡Yi HwZn¨evnx K…wle¨e¯’vi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª KvVv‡gv Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi Rb¨I djcÖmy n‡e hw` Zviv Rxe‰ewPΨ‡K msi¶Y Ki‡Z Pvq| ivmvqwbK mvi Ges KxUbvkK e¨envi QvovB evrmwiK Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K †UKmB Kivi gva¨‡g| GB ai‡Yi K…wl e¨e¯’v kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i c„w_exi Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi †hvMvb w`‡q G‡m‡Q| ‡hLv‡b †jvKvqZ Áv‡bi e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g c„w_exi wewfbœ As‡k ev¯‘Z‡š¿i mgš^q I msi¶Y K‡i G‡m‡Q|

f¨v K¨vg‡cwmbv (via campesina) `„p hyw³ †`Lvb †h, m¤cÖ`v‡qi Lv`¨ Pvwn`vq ¯^wbf©i nIqvi Rb¨ ¶z`ª K…lK †K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb K‡i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| wZwb AviI wek¦vm K‡ib ‡h, RxweKv, PvKzwi, gvby‡li Lv`¨ wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨; GKB mv‡_ cwi‡ek cÖf„wZi wbivcËvi Rb¨ †h Lv`¨ Drcv`b cÖ‡qvRb Zv ¶z`ª ch©v‡qi †UKmB K…lK‡`i nv‡Z wbwnZ| wekvj eo K…wlwfwËK e¨emv Ges mycvi gv‡K©‡Ui wbqš¿‡Y GwU KL‡bvB m¤¢e bv| ißvwbwbf©i, Db¥y³ e¨emv †Kw›`ªK, wkí K…wl KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g eo eo Lvgvi e¨e¯’v; hv- `vwi`ª‡K AviI Pi‡g wb‡q hvq, gRywi Kwg‡q †`q, MÖvg-kni Awfevmb evwo‡q †`q, ¶zav Ges m‡e©vcwi cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NUvq| ïaygvÎ GB ai‡Yi K…wl e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb mg‡qi Lv`¨ msKU †gvKv‡ejv Kiv m¤¢e| MÖvgxb mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb mg~n Lv‡`¨i ¯^wbf©iZv ev mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i aviYv‡K Ges wbI wjev‡ij `„wófw½i ga¨Kvi mw¤§jb NUvq, hv wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i †h, Avš—R©vwZK b¨vqm½Z e¨emv c„w_exi Lv`¨ msKU mgvavb Ki‡Z m¶g| ïay ZvB bq,  GwU f~wg, exR Ges cvwbi Dci K…l‡Ki gvwjKvbvi Dci I ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc K‡i| GgbwK ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’v ¯’vbxq A_©bxwZ, ¯’vbxq evRvi, ¯’vbxq Drcv`b-†fvM Pµ, kw³/GbvwR© Ges cÖhyw³i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges K…lK †bUIqv‡K©i DciI Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i|

‰ewk¦K Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ f¨v K¨vg‡cwmbv (via campsina) c„w_exi DËivsk gvby‡li Rb¨ evZv© e‡q wb‡q hvb| wewfbœ dvD‡Ûkb Ges †fv³v‡`i GB Av‡›`vj‡b Ask MÖn‡Yi Rb¨; Zviv ivR‰bwZK Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g c„w_exi `w¶Yvs‡ki GB Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K mv‡c©vU w`‡Z cv‡i| KviY GB mg¯— abxiv w`b w`b †mB mg¯— BDwbK Lv‡`¨i Dci SuyK‡Q hv `w¶‡Yi evRviRvZ AM©wbK km¨| ˆRe †Z‡ji wbf©iZv e„wׇiva, msKivwqZ km¨ Ges ißvwbf©i K…wl Ges wkí wfwËK K…wl e¨e¯’vi PP©v †iva Ki‡Z ivR‰bwZKfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY GwU `w¶‡Yi ¶z`ª ¶z`ª K…lK‡`i ¶wZ K‡i| wKš‘, GB ai‡Yi hyw³ wK Dˇii †fv³v Ges gy³ b„weÁvbx‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q? bvwK Ab¨ †Kvb †Rviv‡jv hyw³i cÖ‡qvRb? Avgv‡`i ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb †h, Dˇii RbM‡Yi fvj Rxeb gvb Ges Lv`¨ wbivcËv ïay bq; eis Zv‡`i ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi myweav I `w¶‡Yi ¶z`ª K…l‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Avmj mZ¨ GB †h, Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv Ges `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †h ai‡Yi Kvh©vejx msNwUZ nq Zv †Zj wbf©i K…wle¨e¯’v DËi gvbweK RM‡Z c`vc©Y K‡i‡Q Ges †m¸‡jv gvby‡li g½j Ges Dw™¢`ivwRi wU‡K _vKvi mv‡c‡¶ ev¯‘Zvwš¿K m¤ú`‡K mg„× Ki‡Q| AviI mZ¨ †h, ‡Zj Ges Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i g~j¨e„w×, AvenvIqvMZ cwieZ©b, cwie‡ki wech©q, GMO Pollution Ges AvwacZ¨kxj K‡c©v‡iU Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z `w¶Yvs‡ki e¨e¯’vcbvi ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’v, Rxe‰ewPΨ ev¯‘ms¯’v‡bi AbyK‚j K…wl e¨e¯’vB GKgvÎ K…wl e¨e¯’v hv cwiewZ©Z bZzb ev¯‘Zš¿ Ges A_©‰bwZK wP‡Îi †cÖ¶vc‡U mviv wek¦‡K Lv`¨ †hvMvb w`‡Z cy‡ivcywi m¶g|

wØZxq Aa¨vq

‡Kb Avgv‡`i ¶z`ª Lvgvi‡K mg_©b Rvbv‡bv DwPZ?

hLb `w¶bvs‡ki ¶z`ª K…lKiv Zv‡`i msnwZ wb‡q cÖwZwbqZ msMÖv‡g K‡i hv‡”Q ZLb ¶z`ª Lvgvi †K c~YtRxeb`vb I e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ b~b¨Zg cuvPwU Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i mg_©b Kiv DwPZ|

(K) Small farmers are the key to the world’s food security (we‡k¦i Lv`¨ wbicËv AR©‡b ¶z`ª K…lKiv g~j wbqvgK):

‡hLv‡b 11 kZvsk c„w_exi 1.5 wewjqb †n±i Avev`‡hvM¨ Rwg‡Z cï Ges Mvoxi (Car tank) Rb¨ ißvwb †hvM¨ km¨, ˆRe‡Zj Ges msKivwqZ mqvweb Drcvw`Z n‡”Q; †mLv‡b Z…Zxq we‡k¦i j¶vwaK K…lK MÖvgxY Ges kn‡ii gvby‡li Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi e„nv`vskB Drcv`b Ki‡Q| Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv I jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi 960 wgwjqb †n±i Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi g‡a¨ 30-158 kZvsk wbqš¿‡Y Av‡Q HwZn¨evnx K…lK‡`i| jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq 17 wgwjqb K…lK 60.5 wgwjqb †n±i Rwg Pvlvev` K‡i| GB Lvgvi mg~‡ni Mo AvqZb 1.8 †n±i| wKš‘, GB ¶z`ª K…lK Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †gvU †`kxq Drc`v‡bi 51 kZvsk f~Æv, 77 kZvsk wkg, 61 kZvsk Avjy Drcv`b K‡i| ïay eªvwR‡jB cÖvq 4.8 wgwjqb M„n¯’jx K„lK (mgMÖ K…l‡Ki 85 kZvsk) †`‡ki †gvU Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi 30 kZvsk Pvlvev` K‡i| GB mg¯’ M„n¯’jx K…lK hv‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi gvÎ 30 kZvsk| GB 30 kZvsk Rwgi 61 kZvsk wkg Ges 64 kZvsk Kmvfv Pvlvev` K‡i Ges †`‡ki †gvU Drcvw`Z wk‡gi 84 kZvsk I Kmvfv 67 kZvsk M„n¯’jx K…lKivB Drcv`b K‡i (Altieri, 1999).

Avwd«Kvq 33 wgwjqb ¶z`ª Lvgvi i‡q‡Q hv H GjvKvi mg¯— Lvgv‡ii 80 kZvsk| Z_vwc, eZ©gv‡b Avwd«Kvi wecyj cwigvY Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z nq| Avwd«Kvi AwaKvsk K…lK (hv‡`i A‡b‡KB gwnjv) 2 †n±‡ii Kg Rwgi gvwjK| Zviv ïay †gŠwjK Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b K‡i †Kvb iKg ivmvqwbK mvi Ges D”Pdjbkxj exR QvovB (Benner 1996). Gwkqvi 200 wgwjq‡bi †ewk K…lK avb Drcv`b K‡i| Zv‡`i Lvgv‡ii AvqZb 2 †n±‡ii I Kg| wKš‘, Gwkqvi ¶z`ª K…lKiv I wecyj cwigvb avb Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K| BwÛqvi †gvU Lvgv‡ii 74 kZvsk Lvgv‡ii AvqZb 2 †n±‡ii I Kg| wKš‘, †gvU †`wk Lv`¨k‡m¨i 41 kZvsk GB ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii K…lKivB mieivn K‡i|

GB ai‡bi ¶z`ª Lvgvi c„w_exi †ewkifvM Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K; hv ¯’vbxq I AvÂwjK ch©v‡q Lv‡`¨i mnRjf¨Zvi †¶‡Î `vi“b cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| wKš‘, m‡›`nZxZ fv‡e GwU wekvj GK cÖRvwZK ms¯‹…wZi D”Pdjbkxj ex‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvwacZ¨kxj K‡c©v‡U wbqš¿b †_‡K A‡bK †ewk `~‡i wb‡q hvq (Grun land 1997).

L) Small forms I are more productive and resource conserving than large-scale monocultures (e„nr cÖRvwZK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi †P‡q ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’v A‡bK ‡ewk Drcv`bkxj Ges m¤ú` msi¶bkxj)t

hw`I GK_v cÖPwjZ †h ¶z`ª M„n¯’jx Lvgvi A‡bK †ewk †m‡K‡j Ges Abyrcv`bkxj| wKš‘, M‡elYvq †`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, hw` ïaygvÎ GKwU km¨‡K we‡ePbv bv K‡i eQ‡ii mvgwMÖK Drcv`b‡K we‡ePbvq Avbv hvq Zvn‡j ¶z`ª Lvgvi e„nr Lvgv‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK ‡ewk Drcv`bkxj| HwZn¨evnx GKB mv‡_ A‡bK km¨ Pvlvev` e¨e¯’v mviv we‡k¦i 20 kZvs‡ki †ewk Lv`¨ mieivn K‡i _v‡K| cwðg Avwd«Kvi 40 kZvsk Rwg‡Z wgkª km¨ Pvlvev` n‡q _v‡K| †hLv‡b jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi cÖavb cÖavb km¨ mg~n Pvl nq wgkª Pvlvev` c×wZ‡Z (Francis 1986). GB ai‡bi ‰ewPΨgwÛZ Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †hLv‡b ¶z`ª ch©v‡qi K…lKiv km¨ dj-g~j, kvm-mewR, Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ Ges M„ncvwjZ cï Drcv`b K‡i| hv e„nr Lvgv‡i Drcvw`Z GKwU km¨ ‡_‡K A‡bK †ewk jvf RbK| GKwU e„nr Lvgv‡i nq‡Zv †n±i cÖwZ †Kvb GKwU km¨ †QvU Lvgv‡ii Zzjbvq †ewk Drcv`b K‡i wKš‘, ¶z`ª Lvgv‡i k‡m¨i cvkvcvwk wgkªPv‡li gva¨‡g wkg, Avjy, cvbxq Ges Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡i hv Av‡cw¶K A‡_© A‡bK ‡ewk jvfRbK| wgkª Pvl c×wZi weKvk n‡q‡Q ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi K…lK‡`i gva¨‡g| GKB PvlhvM¨ Rwg‡Z k‡m¨i Drcv`bkxjZv A_©Kvix dmj e¨e¯’vcbvi †P‡q ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †ewk| Rwgi h_v‡hvM¨ e¨enviI 20-60 kZvsk †ewk nq ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq| KviY    wgkª Pvlvev‡` AvMvQv, †cvKvgvKo Ges †ivM evjvB‡qi Øviv k‡m¨i ¶wZ Kg nq| GgbwK m¤ú` †hgb cvwb, Av‡jv Ges cywói m‡e©vËg e¨enviI ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq m¤¢eci nq|

Aí msL¨K m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g ¶z`ª K…lKiv cÖwZ GK‡K †ewk jvf Ki‡Z m¶g; Gfv‡e Zviv mvgwRK fv‡e AwaK jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` cÖwZwU k‡m¨i †¶‡Î Zviv †jvKmvbI nq (Rosset 1999) ZeyI hw` UvKvi A‡¼I cwigvc Kiv nq ZeyI mvgwMÖK fv‡e ˆewPΨgq Lvgvi †ewk Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡i| hy³ iv‡óªi GKwU Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq 2 †n±i AvqZ‡bi Lvgvi evrmwiK †n±i cÖwZ 15,104 Wjvi Drcv`b K‡i Ges GKi cÖwZ 2920 Wjvi| †hLv‡b eo Lvgvi¸‡jvi Mo AvqZb 15,581 †n±i| evrmwiK Drcv`b †n±i cÖwZ 249 Wjvi Ges GKi cÖwZ gvÎ 52 Wjvi| ïay ZvB bv ¶z`ª I gvSvwi mvB‡Ri Lvgv‡i cÖPwjZ K…lK‡`i Zzjbvq D”P djbkxj exR I km¨ jvMv‡bv nq| GB km¨ mg~‡ni cwi‡e‡ki Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve LyeB Kg| ¶z`ª Lvgvi e„nr Lvgv‡ii Zzjbvq, eûgywL, Drcvbkxj, Kvh©Kix Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b A‡bK †ewk Ae`vb iv‡L| e„nr Lvgv‡ii Av‡k cv‡ki gvby‡li Zzjbvq ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii gva¨‡g RbMb A_©‰bwZK fv‡e †ewk ¯^vej¤^x nq| mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi GK M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, ¶z`ª Drcv`b Kiv 10 kZvsk ¯’vqx RxweKv, 20 kZvsk cvBKvix weµq Ges ¯’vbxq gv_vwcQy Av‡q 37 kZvsk e„w× K‡i| ¶z`ªK…lKiv Aek¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg hZœ †bq ;f~wg ¶q †iva K‡i Ges Rxe‰ewPΨI msi¶Y K‡i _v‡K|

Lvgv‡ii AvqZb Ges Zvi †_‡K AvDUcyU Gi †h wecixZ m¤úK© †mUv AvR cÖZxqgvb| ZvB ¶z`ª K…lK‡`i f~wg, cvwb, Rxe‰ewPΨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ K…wl m¤ú‡`i h_v‡hvM¨ I m‡e©vËg e¨envi m¤¢e| Kg Li‡P AwaK gybvdvi †cÖ¶vc‡U mgvR Aek¨B ¶y`ª ch©v‡qi Lvgvi e¨e¯’vq †ewk fvj _v‡K| ¶z`ª ch©v‡qi Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g c„w_exi `w¶bvs‡ki MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ‡K Av‡iv ‡ewk kw³kvjx Kiv m¤¢e| Gi gva¨‡g `w¶bvs‡ki gvbyyl‡K Zv‡`i cvwievwiK eÜb AviI `„p Kiv m¤¢e; hv Avgv‡`i MÖvg-kni Awfevmb †iv‡a mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| hLb RbMY Gfv‡e Lvgv‡ii msL¨v evov‡Z _vK‡e cvkvcvwk Lvgvi mg~‡n cvwbi cÖvc¨ZvI e„w× cv‡e| ZLb ¶y`ª Lvgvi c„w_exi Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| we‡kl K‡i hLb e„nr Lvgvi ïaygvÎ Mvoxi U¨vsK fivi Rb¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Q|

(M) Small traditional and biodiverse farms represent models of sustainability (HwZn¨evnx ¶z`ª Ges Rxe‰ePwΨ gwÛZ Lvgvi ‡UKmB I `xN©¯’vwq‡Z¡i KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj):

wkíwfwËK K…wl e¨e¯’vi weRq m‡Ë¡I ¯’vbxq K…wl e¨e¯’v Zvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv I Lvc-LvIqv‡bvi †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g nvRvi nvRvi †n±i Rwg HwZn¨evnx K…wl e¨e¯’vcbvq gva¨‡g Zvi Ae¯’vb AvRI a‡i †i‡L‡Q| HwZn¨evnx K…wle¨e¯’v hv GLb mg‡qi `vwe| `xN© 4000 eQi c‡iI Av›`xR, †g‡mv Av‡gwiKv, `w¶b-c~e© Gwkqv Ges Avwd«Kvi wKQz As‡k AvRI we`¨gvb| hv Rxe‰ewPΨ msi¶Y, Pvlev‡`i ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb QvovB Drcv`b Ges cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k I eQ‡ii ci eQi †UKmB KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i mvg‡b cÖZxqgvb (Wilken 1987). ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© A`„k¨gvb wPÎ n‡”Q, Zvi D”P gvÎvi Rxe‰ewPΨ m¤úbœ m¤ú`| GB ai‡bi e¨e¯’v D”P gvÎvi Dw™¢` ˆewPΨ‡K wgkª Pvl A_ev K…wlwfwËK ebvq‡bi gva¨‡g wbwðZ K‡i| hv Dw™¢` cÖRvwZ‡K A‡bK †ewk cywó †hvMvq, KxUcZ½ cÖwZ‡ivaK K‡i, civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wbwðZ K‡i, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb m¤^wjZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv Drcv`b K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ wewPÎ ai‡bi welq _v‡K hv wewPÎ ai‡bi ev¯‘Z‡š¿i †¶‡Î f~wgKv iv‡L (Altieri, 1995).

‡jvKvqZ/¯’vbxq mnmª eQ‡ii Ges nvRvi ai‡bi K…wli aib Ges K…wl ˆewPΨ‡K mgwš^Z K‡i| GB Ávb Av‡iv kvwbZ n‡q‡Q| GwU wbIwjw_K hyM †_‡K cÖPwjZ †hLv‡b ev¯‘Zvwš¿K Ges mvs¯‹…wZK m¤ú` mg~n i‡q‡Q, hvi †gŠwjK ¸bvejx fwel¨‡Z gvby‡li Kj¨‡Y e¨eüZ n‡e (Dewalt 1994). ¯’vbxq Ávb/†jvKvqZ Ávb K…wli Dc‡hvMx evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki m¤ú‡K© Lye we¯—vwiZ Rv‡b| †hgb: ¶z`ª K…lKiv 500 †ewk Dw™¢` cÖRvwZ‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvwUi aib, De©iZv Abymv‡i Ges f~wg e¨envi †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ Rwg mg~n‡K cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| m¤cÖwZK M‡elYvq  civgk© w`‡q‡Q †h en~msL¨K Ly`ª K…lKiv AvenvIqvMZ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z (cope) cv‡i| GgbwK wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g c~e© cª&¯—wZ Mªnb K‡i _v‡K| ‡hgb  Liv mnbkx‡ji c~e© cÖRvwZ e¨envi e„w× K‡i, Rjvf~wg‡Z Pvlvev`, wgkªkm¨ Pvlev`, AvMvQvi DcKvix e¨envi , K…wl ebvqb Ges G ai‡bi Ab¨vb¨ HwZn¨evnx †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g k‡m¨i Drcv`‡bi ¶wZ‡K n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i| ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi cve©Z¨ GjvKvq nvwi‡Kb ÔwgP' (Mitch) Gi ci GK Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q †h, †mLbKvi K…l‡Kiv †UKmB km¨ Pvlvev‡`i PP©v Ki‡Q| ‡hgb; `Macuna' cover crops, intercropping and agroforestry hv Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i Zzjbvq Kg ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj | wbKviv¸qv n¸yivm Ges ¸‡qZgvjvi24 wUAs‡ki 360wU m¤cÖ`v‡q ga¨Kvi M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q ˆewPΨgq K…wl Rwg†Z 20-40kZvsk gvwU De©i, †ewk Av`ªZv©hy³ gvwU, Kg f~wg ¶q Ges Kg A_©‰bwZK ¶wZi m¤§yLxb Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx hviv cÖPwjZ cÖ_vq Pvlvev` K‡i Zv‡`I Zzjbvq (Holt-Gimenez 2001).

¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb nq ¶z`ª Lvgv‡i cÖavb cÖavb k‡m¨I cvkvcvwk bvbvwea ˆewPΨgq k‡m¨I mgš^q _v‡K, wb‡R‡`i Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨B mvi I KxUbvkK Ges D”Pdjbkxj exR Dcbœ  K‡i Ges e¨e¯’vcbvI K‡i;- †hLv‡b BbcyU I ADUcy‡Ui AbycvZ AbyK‡zj _v‡K| Lv‡`¨ wbivcËv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Kvix c`‡¶c †bq, Avq e„w× K‡i Ges cwi‡ek‡K msi¶b K‡i | ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi cÖavb cÖavb ˆewkó¨ mgyn -

·        †h mg¯— Lvgvi AvqZ‡b ¶z`ª †m ¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i wU‡K _vKvi Dc‡hvMx Ges evRv‡i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx k‡m¨i avivevwnK Drcv`b K‡i ,

·        ¯’vbxq m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg I Kvh©Kix e¨envi K‡i Ges Lvgvi ewn©f~Z wRwb‡mi Dci Kg wbf©ikxj _v‡K|

·         evwn¨K kw³ Av‡cw¶Kfv‡e Kg cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq d‡j, D”PgvÎvi kw³ mwÂZ _v‡K,

·        kªwgKiv _v‡K `¶ Ges cwic~iK, KviY, Zviv nq M„n¯’jxi bZzev m¤cÖ`v‡qi AvZ¥xq| kªwgK‡`i Dci wbf©iZvi Kvi‡Y kw³i BbcyU Ges AvDUcy‡ii AbycvZ wVK _v‡K,

·        LwbR c`v_© Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi cybt e¨env‡ii Dci ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Kiv nq,

·        cÖK…wZi wei“‡× msMÖv‡gi †P‡q cÖvK…wZK ev¯‘Zvwš¿K cÖwµqvi mv‡_ mnve¯’vb wbg©vY Kiv nq,

·        ‰ewPΨgq Lvgvi e¨e¯’v g~jZ wewfbœ ai‡Yi km¨ Pvlvev`, wgkª km¨ Pvl, k‡m¨i wewfbœ cÖRvwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ ˆewPΨi cÖRvwZi Pvlvev‡`i gva¨‡gi mvwaZ nq|

Dcwiwj­wLZ ˆewk‡ó¨i d‡j ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii gva¨‡g K…lK Zv‡`i Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z m¶g nq| hw`I Zv‡`i Rwg Lye fvj bq; Zv‡`i AvenvIqvMZ ˆewPΨZv †Zv Av‡QB, GgbwK Zviv evB‡i my‡hvM-myweavI Kg cvq| HwZn¨evnx GB K…wl ev¯‘Zš¿ D”P gvÎvi K…wl‰ewP‡Î¨i GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e wµqvkxj _v‡K| hv BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j K…wl ev¯‘Z‡š¿i Kvh©vw`i Dci (Thrupp, 1998)| Drcv`b SzuwK n«vm Kiv‡bvi †¶‡Î ˆewPΨgq km¨ Pvlvev` ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi GKwU cÖavb †KŠkj| †jvKvqZ Ávb Ges cÖhyw³i cybR©vMiY hv g~jZ ¶z`ª Lvgv‡ii K…lKiv e¨envi K‡i Zv mviv c„w_exi K…lK‡`i cwiewZ©Z AvenvIqvq wU‡K _vKv Ges Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z‡_¨i †hvMvb w`‡Z cv‡i| cwi‡k‡l, cÖvK…wZK we‡k¦i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i wK m¤úK© †mB wek¦ex¶v‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i †jvKvqZ cÖhyw³| KviY, Avgv‡`i cwðgv BD‡ivwcqvb HwZ‡n¨i Zzjbvq GwU A‡bK †ewk ev¯—em¤§Z Ges †UKmB|

(N) Small farms represent a sanctuary of GMO free agrobiodiversity :(¶z`ª Lvgvi GMO gy³ K…wl ˆewP‡Î¨i Afqvib¨‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i)t

HwZn¨evnx K„wlev¯‘Zš¿ hv RwUjZv gy³ Ges ˆewPΨgq km¨ e¨e¯’v hv K…lK cÖavb Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi ¯’vqx‡Z¡i cÖavb ˆewkó¨| GB km¨mg~n cwi‡ekMZ wewfbœ Pvc †gvKv‡ejv K‡i wbw`©ó cwigvb Drcv`b Ki‡Z m¶g| mvaviYfv‡e HwZn¨evnx K…wl e¯‘Zš¿ wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡M  Kg ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq; KviY ‡mLv‡b ˆewPΨc~Y© km¨ Ges wewfbœ cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvi mnbkxj cÖRvwZi Pvlvev` Kiv nq|  HwZn¨evnx ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi K…lKiv weivU ˆewP‡Î¨i Drcv`K| GB km¨ ˆewP‡Î¨i AwaKvsk cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖRbvœš—‡i Pvlvev` n‡q Avm‡Q| AvayywbK Drcv`‡Ki Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk cÖRvwZ ˆewP‡Î¨i AwaKvix Ges hv k‡m¨i †ivM-evjvB, KxUcZ½, Liv Ges Ab¨vb¨ Pvc †_‡K Drcv`b‡K wbicËv `vb K‡i| wek¦e¨vcx GK Rwi‡c ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, Lvgvi Pvlvev` †hvM¨ cÖavb 27wU cÖRvwZ wb‡q weÁvbxiv M‡elYv K‡i †`‡L‡Qb †h, GB cªRvwZi †ewki fvMB Ly‡R cvIqv hvq HwZn¨evnx K…wl e¨e¯’vq| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î fwel¨‡Zi cwi‡ekMZ MZ cwieZ©b A_ev mvgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z K…lKiv GB km¨ ˆewPΨ‡K Bbmy‡iÝ wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| A‡bK M‡elK Gfv‡e Dcmsnvi Uv‡bb †h, cÖRvwZ ˆewPΨ hZ †ewk Drcv`bI ZZ †ewk Ges ¶wZ ZZ nªvm n‡e| D`vnib ¯^iƒc, Dw™¢‡`i †ivM m„wó Ges Zvi we¯—v‡i cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i wgkª km¨ Pvl| †hLv‡b Dw™¢‡`i wbw`©ó †ivMwU we¯—vi n‡Z cv‡i bv| mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Px‡b GKwU M‡elbv Kiv nq- PviwU wfbœ wfbœ cÖRvwZi av‡bi wgkª Pvl Kiv nq 3,000 †n±i Rwg‡Z 15wU wfbœ wfbœ GjvKvq| †hLv‡b 44 kZvsk Kg e­v÷ (av‡bi GK ai‡bi †ivM) Avµvš— nq Ges 89 kZvsk †ewk Drcv`b nq GKwU km¨ Pvlvev‡`i Zzjbvq| D‡j­L¨ GLv‡b †Kvb ai‡bi QÎvK bvkKI e¨envi Kiv nq bvB| D”P cÖRvwZi k‡m¨i e¨emvwqK AvMÖvm‡b †jvKvqZ K…l‡Ki ¸i“Z¡c~Y© PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ (Liv cÖwZ‡ivaK, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq m¶g, km¨-k‡m¨i cvi®úvwiK m¤ú©K, D”P¸b m¤úbœ cÖf„wZ) nviv‡Z cv‡i| GB ai‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U K…lKiv cwi‡e‡ki evwn¨K cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi m¶gZv nviv‡e Ges ¯^í wewb‡qvM K‡i m¤ú`v‡qi †h Lv`¨ wbivcËv AR©b Ki‡Zv †mwU nviv‡e| hw`I nvBeªxW k‡m¨i AvMgb km¨ cÖRvwZi †K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb †bIqvi m¤¢vebv LyeB D”P| GMO km¨ mgyn wbqwš¿Z (Protect areas) GjvKvi K…lK‡`i Pvlvev‡`i †¶‡Î `vi“b ûgwK Kvib n‡q `uvov‡e| ¯’vbxq K…lK‡`i Rb¨ †h mg¯— ˆewkó¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †m ¸‡jvI aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb n‡e| GB †c¶vc‡U Aí cwigvb evwn¨K BbcyU e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †h wekvj Drcv`b ¶gZv †mwUI n«vm cv‡e Ges SuzwK mg~n AviI e„w× cv‡e| cÖRvwZ `~l‡bi d‡j cÖRvwZ ˆewPΨ bó n‡e, ¯’vbxq k‡m¨i Drcv`b nªv‡mi d‡j mgv‡R wei“c cÖfve co‡e Ges Z…Zxq wek¦ ev Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv †ewk cÖvwš—K K‡i Zzj‡e| cÖRvwZK ˆewPΨ‡K wU‡K ivL‡Z n‡j GKwU mywbw`©ó cÖRvwZ‡K †h †Kvb ai‡bi mvsKivqb Ges cÖRvwZK `~lb †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖRvwZ ˆewPΨ Rvg© c­vR‡gi wei“‡× Øxc m`„k GKwU †eóbx ˆZwi K‡i hv wewfbœ ai‡bi ev¯‘Zvwš¿K mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i | †hgb AvwdªKvq Gates Rockefeller AGRA KZ©©„K M„nxZ cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g wØZxq meyR wec­‡ei d‡j Lv‡`¨ †h msKU ‰Zix nq Zv Zv‡`i mgvwRK †¶‡Î cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| hw` GMO gy³ km¨ Pvlvev` Kiv hvq Zvn‡j cÖRvwZ ˆewP‡Î¨i GB AfqviY¨ ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| Dˇii AvMv©wbK Lvgvi ¸‡jv‡K ms¯‹vi I bZzbfv‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| `w¶Y we‡k¦i ¶z`ª ¶z`ª K…lK Ges ¯’vbxq m¤cÖ`vq‡K Dˇii weÁvb, GbwRI mevB‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ges AwffveKZ¡ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e mgMÖ c„w_exi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gvUv‡bv Ges Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú©~Y nIqv m¤¢e|

(O) Small farms cool the climate (¶z`ª Lvgvi AvenvIqvi AbyKzj/AvenvIqv‡K kxZj iv‡L)t

‡hLv‡b wkívqb K…wl mivmwi MÖxb nvDm M¨vm mg~n wbM©g‡bi GK Z…Zxqvsk Kve©b WvB A·vBW, wg‡_b Ges bvBUªvm A·vBW M¨vm wbM©gb K‡i| †mLv‡b Rxe‰ewPΨc~Y© ¶z`ª Lvgvi wecixZ fv‡e gvwU‡Z Kve©‡bi wgkª‡b mnvqZv K‡i| ¶y`ª K…lKiv mvavibZ K‡¤úvwRU mvi e¨envi K‡i hv gvwU‡Z Kve©b †kvl‡b AwaK mnvqZ K‡i Ges hv evRv‡i cÖPwjZ ivmvqwbK mv‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Kix| M‡elKiv e‡jb †h, 1,170,000 Mvox iv¯—v †_‡K mwi‡q †dj‡j evqygÛj †_‡K †h cwigvY Kve©b wbM©gb Kg n‡e; wVK GKB cwigvb Kve©b gvwU †kvlb Ki‡e hw` 10,000 ¶z`ª Ges gvSvix AvKv‡ii Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g km¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq|

cÖPwjZ K…wl e¨e¯’vq †h cwigvb Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx e¨envi Kiv nq; †mwU e¨envi bv K‡iI ¶z`ª Lvgvi AvenvIqvq Ae`vb iv‡L| GgbwK GLv‡b ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUbvkK e¨envi Kiv nq bv ej‡jB P‡j| Zviv AM©vwbK e¨e¯’vq Pvlvev`, gvwUi De©iZv Ges KxUcZ‡½i DcKvix e¨env‡ii Dci †ewk Av¯’v iv‡L| †h mg¯— K…lK m¤cÖ`vq kni Ges bM‡ii KvQvKvwQ emevm K‡i Ges bM‡ii KvQvKvwQ emevm K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq evRv‡ii mv‡_ m¤ú„³ _v‡K Zviv kw³ (GbvwR©) AcPq †_‡K weiZ _v‡K Ges kZ kZ Ges nvRvi nvRvi gvBj Lv`¨ cwien‡b †h cwigvb M¨vm wbM©gb nq †mwU †iv‡ai gva¨‡g I cwi‡ek‡K kvš—  iv‡L|

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

Dcmsnvi

¶y`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi wbie wPÎ n‡”Q D”P gvÎvi K…wl Rxe ˆewPΨ hv wgkª Dcv‡q mw¾Z _v‡K eû k‡m¨i Pvlvev` RxweKvi mv‡_ k‡m¨i mgš^q Ges K…wl bMvq‡bi gva¨‡g| ˆewPÎc~b© cÖRvwZ ev ˆewPΨc~Y© Pvlvev‡`i gva¨‡g bZzb ai‡bi K…wl ev¯‘Zš¿ †mB mg¯— K…lK‡`i Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© hv‡`i Pvlvev` e¨e¯’v FY, bZzb bZzb KxUbvkK, D”P cÖhyw³i †UªWwgjm, AvenvIqvMZ cwieZ©b Drcv`b e¨e¯’v, gvbyl m„ó Ges cÖK…wZMZ wewfbœ ai‡bi Pv‡ci d‡j aŸs‡‡mi m¤§yLxb| Avgv‡`i ¯’vbxq Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi KvQ ‡_‡K A‡bK wKQz wk¶vi Av‡Q| †hgbt GB K…wl e¨e¯’vq kw³kvjx ev¯‘Z‡š¿i Dci wbf©ikxj gyj¨evb Rxb ˆewP‡Î¨ weivR  K‡i Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` Ge Rxe‰ewPΨ‡K msi¶b Ges c~biyrcv`b K‡i| HwZn¨evnx c×wZ mg~n mywbw`©ófv‡e w`K- wb‡`©kbv m¤úbœ| KviY `xN© ˆewPΨgq AvenvIqvi †cÖw¶‡Z mdj Pvlvev` e¨e¯’vcbvi AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q|

K…wlev¯‘Zš¿ weÁvbxiv HwZn¨evnx Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi `xN© ¯’vwqZ¡ †evSvi gva¨‡g ev¯‘Z‡š¿i Kjv †KŠkj mg~n fvjfv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡e| cieZx©‡Z GB welq¸‡jv‡K Abyev‡`i gva¨‡g g~jbxwZ‡Z cwibZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hv K„lK‡`i ¯’vbxq mnRjf¨ Ges h_vh_ cÖhyw³ MÖn‡b cieZx© `yB `kK a‡i K…lK‡`i g~j wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| AvR mgq G‡m‡Q †h, weÁvbxiv †hb HwZn¨evnx K…wli f~wgKv‡K Av‡jv‡Z wb‡q Av‡m KviY, GB K…wl e¨e¯’v cªRvwZK m¤ú` Ges Lvgvi †KŠkj‡K cyb©RxweZ K‡i; hv †UKmB Mªvgxb Dbœq‡bi cÖavb †KŠkj n‡e Ges GB †KŠkj m¤ú`nxb Mixe K…lK Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e| K…wlev¯‘Zš¿ weÁvbx‡`i `w¶Yvs‡ki msMwVZ mvgvwRK MÖvgxY Av‡›`vjb mg~n‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv DwPZ| KviY `w¶Yvs‡ki AwaKvsk wew”Qbœ GjvKv µgea©gvb Abb¨ K…wl Rxe‰ewP‡Î¨i AwaKvix| hvi mv‡_ Rxb ˆewP‡Î¨i Dcv`vb Aš©—fy³| ïay ZvB bq eo ai‡bi ev¯‘Z‡š¿i e¨_©Zvi †¶‡Î GwU evwn¨K myi¶vKeP wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avi GB ai‡bi ev¯‘Z‡š¿i e¨_©Zv ˆZwi nq Ah_v©_ AvaywbKvq‡bi d‡j| GwU mywbw`©ófv‡e ‰ewPΨgq ‡R‡bwUK km¨ m¤ú` m„wó Ges i¶bv‡e¶b Ki‡Z m¶g hv ¶z`ª K…lK‡`i Øviv GKwU Abb¨ Òwb‡PÓ (niche) ‰Zwi Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| GB ai‡bi mdjZv c„w_exi DËvivs‡ki wkw¶Z I mymwÄZ Ges GMOs km¨ Øviv m¤¢e bq| DËivs‡ki †fv³v‡`i AwZ wcÖq Kwd, Kjv Ges Ab¨vb¨ AMv©wbK cb¨ `w¶bvs‡ki K…wl ev¯‘Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e| GB wfbœZv DËivwaKvimy‡Î HwZn¨evnx e¨e¯’v mv‡_ RwoZ| †KŠkj MZ fv‡e DËivsk ¶z`ª Lvgvi e¨e¯’vi Amxgmy‡hvM ¸‡jv‡K bó K‡i‡Q| Z_vwc, evRvi e¨e¯’vi mKj wbqš¿Y Z„bg~j gvby‡li nIqv DwPZ|

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